BioResources publishes research articles, review articles, and editorials on topics related to the science of cellulosic substances and their uses in such fields as composites, paper, engineered wood, bioenergy, etc. To help speed up the process, authors use a template. The journal staff pre-edit the English in each article before the peer-review process starts. Why you should publish with BioResources: Research published open-access & authors retaining copy rights Low publication fee, with comprehensive editing service included Efficient peer-review process & open access platform Impact factor 1.747 (Clarivate), ~ 600 published articles per year Efficient peer-review process; articles published fast after acceptance Ranked #2 in Wood Sci. & Technol. (Google Scholar—https://bit.ly/33GVdOZ) Authors retain copy rights University-based journal; excess funds only support student scholarships Technical Editor: Martin A. Hubbe, Professor, North Carolina State University, hubbe@ncsu.edu Managing Editor: Lucian A. Lucia, Professor, North Carolina State University, lucia-bioresources@ncsu.edu The main publication website of BioResources is as follows: https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/ The "Open Journal Systems" website that you are viewing now is primarily intended for: (a) submission of articles after careful preparation, following the Author instructions and using a template; (b) management of the peer-reviewing process; and (c) distribution of journal content to participating database services.
NC State University, Dept. of Forest Biomaterials
Aging Effects on Paper Dispersibility – A Review
The aging of paper significantly impacts fiber-water interactions, leading to a decline in dispersibility over time. This deterioration is particularly critical for water-dispersible paper and packaging applications designed to dissolve easily after use, as well as for recycling processes, where reduced dispersibility increases energy consumption and reject content. The aging process is notably faster and more pronounced in unbleached fibers compared to bleached fibers, indicating that lignin plays a crucial role in this phenomenon. A decrease in dispersibility is closely linked to reductions in water retention value (WRV) and increases in paper wet strength, driven by natural aging mechanisms such as hornification, auto-crosslinking, extractives self-sizing, and cellulose recrystallization. These processes reduce fiber swelling capacity and hinder paper disintegration in water. To mitigate the decline in dispersibility due to aging, minimizing moisture cycling and avoiding high temperatures are promising. Also reduction of refining energy and wet-end starch dosage in papermaking are ways to better preserve repulpability. Understanding these aging mechanisms is essential for optimizing paper formulations and ensuring long-term performance in both functional and recyclable paper products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrea Christine Pfennich, Herfried Lammer, Ulrich Hirn
A Review on Lignin Valorization for Sustainable Resource Recovery: Current Microbial and Enzymatic Methods and the Roles of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents
Lignin, as the most abundant renewable aromatic polymer on earth, holds immense potential as a feedstock for value-added products. However, its recalcitrant and heterogeneous structure presents significant challenges to efficient valorization. While microbial and enzymatic bioconversion offers a sustainable and specific route for lignin depolymerization, industrial implementation is often hindered by limitations such as low enzymatic efficiency, poor operational stability, and restricted substrate accessibility. This review systematically summarizes the current state of lignin bioconversion, focusing on the capabilities of various fungi and bacteria and the ligninolytic enzymes they produce, notably laccases and peroxidases. A key emphasis is placed on the emerging roles of “green” solvents, specifically ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), in overcoming these limitations. These solvents not only enhance lignin solubility but also can activate and stabilize ligninolytic enzymes, thereby enabling more efficient depolymerization reactions. This review examines the mechanisms, advantages, and current challenges of integrating ILs and DESs into biomass lignin upgrading strategies. Finally, it discusses future research directions and potential application prospects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lian Chen, Hongtao Shi, Lifen Li, Liping Yu, Yanyang Tian, Yuhuan Tian
Chemical Recycling of Polyester Wastes via Catalysts Promoting Alcoholysis for Valuable Chemicals in Wood-based Structural Material Applications—A Critical Review
Due to the societal appeal in carbon emission reduction and neutralization, chemical recycling of waste polyester for valuable chemicals has attracted attention in an increasing number of applications. Research on chemical recycling of polyester wastes is currently rising sharply and becoming a hot spot gradually. Many technical and fundamental questions still need to be addressed, such as harsh depolymerization conditions (high temperature, long reaction time, low yields, etc.) and techno-economy and environmental sustainability matters. The chemical recycling protocol and optimization of degradable polyester wastes are systemically investigated along with short discussions on non-degradable ones. The thermoset polyurethane and epoxy adhesives derived from depolymerized waste polyesters for contributing to wood-based structural composite materials (e.g., laminated plywood, fire retarded wood coating, and transparent wood composites) along with life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis are also critically evaluated and analyzed. These novel insights are expect to open a new avenue to develop wood-based structural materials via value-added chemicals from polyester waste recycling, which contribute to the sustainable society along with prompting further research and extension in forestry biomaterials and renewable natural resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jinlong Zhang, Cornelis F. De Hoop, Qinglin Wu, Shulin Chen
Microbial Chitinases — Production, Characterization, Purification and their Biotechnological and Therapeutic Applications: An Integrated Review
Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose and consists of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. In nature, chitin does not accumulate due to the synergistic action of chitinolytic enzymes. Based on their catalytic domains, chitinases are classified into glycosyl hydrolase families GH18 and GH19. They are widely produced by bacteria and filamentous fungi. Different types of chitinolytic enzymes, including endochitinases, exo-acting enzymes, and N-acetylglucosaminidases, have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial and insecticidal activities, making them valuable tools for controlling phytopathogenic fungi and insect pests. Chitin degradation generates chitooligosaccharides (COS), which possess diverse biological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities, contributing to improved human health. Microbial chitinases are also applied in several industrial and environmental processes, including protoplast formation, single-cell protein production, and dye removal. Advances in recombinant expression and genetic engineering have enhanced chitinase production, stability, and catalytic efficiency. Moreover, recombinant chitinases have been successfully utilized in biocontrol strategies and in developing transgenic plants with increased resistance to phytopathogens. This review highlights the broad agricultural, industrial, and biomedical applications of chitinases and their crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability and advancing bio-based industrial processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Medhat A. AbuTahon, Heba I. Aboelmagd, Manal M. Housseiny, Ahmad Mohammad Abdel‐Majeed, Nada Daifalla, Adaugo C. Isichei, Sahar Algadi, Yahia H. Ali , Intisar K. Saeed , Howayada M. Mostafa , Salma Yousif Sidahmed Elsheikh , Ali M. Ali , Amani Abdelrazig Salman Abdelaziz , Ishraga Izzeldin , Nermien H. Seddek , Assad Ali Rezigalla , Elhadi Miskeen , Ali M. S. Eleragi, Mohammed-Elfatih Twfieg , George Saad Isaac
Chemical and Biological Strategies to Disrupt Biofilms: A New Era in Infectious Disease Management and Antimicrobial Resistance Control
Biofilm-associated infections are a major medical problem that is responsible for nearly 80% of human microbial infections. These bacterial communities are protected by a strong extracellular matrix that limits antibiotic penetration and supports persister cells and quorum-sensing–driven resistance. Biofilm development occurs in several stages and ultimately forms complex structures that block antimicrobial action. To overcome this, chemical strategies include quorum-sensing inhibitors, matrix-degrading agents, antimicrobial peptides, and photodynamic therapy. Biological approaches use bacteriophages, enzymes such as DNase, and probiotics that disrupt biofilms through competitive mechanisms. Combination therapies—such as antibiotic-phage or enzyme-antibiotic treatments—show improved effectiveness. Advanced delivery systems involving nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels enhance drug penetration in biofilms, particularly in wound care. New technologies, including AI-guided drug discovery and CRISPR targeting, are advancing future anti-biofilm treatments.
Application of Numerical Simulation Technology in the Biomass Densification and Molding Field: A Review
Biomass densification and molding technology can compress and densify crushed materials into portable solid fuels with a certain shape and density. Such densification has the advantages of high combustion efficiency, high calorific value, environmental protection, and cleanliness. In recent years, scholars have used the finite element method and discrete element method to simulate biomass densification and molding technology, revealing the flow and deformation laws of materials in the biomass densification and molding process from different perspectives. This work has provided reference and guidance for the optimization of biomass densification and molding mechanism and molding dies. This article first reviews the basic ideas of finite element method, as well as the application of ANSYS and ABAQUS in biomass densification and molding technology. Secondly, it reviews the basic ideas of discrete element method and the application of EDEM and PFC in biomass densification and molding technology. Finally, it reviews the application of combined finite element method with discrete element method in biomass densification and molding technology. The content of the article has certain reference and guidance significance for the numerical simulation of future biomass densification and molding technology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tingzhou Ning, Yue Zhang, Xinlong Wang
Block Shear Bonding Performance of Laran Glued Laminated Timber under Simulated Environmental Conditions
The block shear bonding performance was studied for glued laminated timber (glulam) manufactured from laran, a Malaysian plantation hardwood, under four treatment conditions designed to simulate service environments. Forty block shear specimens were tested to determine shear strength and wood failure percentage (WFP). The conditions comprised (a) dry (control, equilibrium laboratory climate), (b) water-soak (immersion in 20 ± 3 °C water for 24 h), (c) boiling Immersion (100 °C for 6 h followed by cooling), and (d) boil–dry–boil cycle (repeated hot–wet and drying exposure). Each specimen (50 × 50 × 50 mm³) was loaded in shear using a universal testing machine. Results revealed a progressive reduction in both shear strength and WFP with increasing treatment severity. Dry samples exhibited the highest bonding performance, while specimens subjected to the Boil–Dry–Boil Cycle showed the greatest deterioration. These findings demonstrate the sensitivity of laran glulam to moisture and thermal cycling, provide baseline data for adhesive bond durability across service classes, and offer valuable insights for improving treatment strategies, product design, and the long-term structural reliability of glulam in tropical construction contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wei Chen Lum, Norshariza Mohamad Bhkari, Anis Azmi, Mohd Shafee Harun, Amni Humaira Mohd Ali Bahari
Performance Evaluation of Medium Density Fiberboard for Structural Use: Influence of Melamine Content, Resin Content, and Density
The feasibility of improving medium-density fiberboard (MDF) for structural applications was addressed by improving its mechanical and dimensional properties through modifications in resin formulation and board density. Melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin was used as the adhesive, with three melamine substitution levels (25%, 27%, and 30%), resin contents ranging from 18% to 26% (based on oven-dry fiber weight), and target densities of 790, 820, and 850 kg/m³. The MDF bonded with MUF containing 30% melamine showed higher modulus of rupture (MOR) and water resistance indicated by lower thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) than those with 25% melamine. Increasing the resin content improved MOR and significantly reduced TS, with optimal performance at 26% resin content. Higher density positively affected mechanical properties and dimensional stability. The MDF with a density of 851 kg/m³ showed the best results in both MOR and WA, confirming its suitability for structural applications. The optimal formulation of 30% melamine content, 26% resin content, 1% hardener, 1% wax, and a density of 851 kg/m³ met the performance criteria for structural MDF. Notably, under these optimal conditions, the formaldehyde emission was 0.48 mg/L, satisfying stringent environmental standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bora Jeong, Min Lee, Sang-Min Lee
Creating wood joints usually requires glue or staples. These items are detrimental for the end-of-life of wood products, decreasing their potential recyclability, reusability, and biodegradability. Ultrasonic welding is a processing method to assemble thermoplastic polymers, allowing the creation of joints without adhesive. Wood is composed of amorphous lignins and hemicelluloses that could, under the right conditions of heat and pressure, act as a glue to bind wood pieces together. Thus, the scope of this proof-of-concept study is to investigate the use of ultrasonic welding to assemble veneer wood for packaging applications. Wood pieces were assembled using an ultrasonic welder while screening a large range of materials and processing conditions. Mechanical performances were assessed by measuring the shear strength of wood joints. Results showed that veneer wood can be assembled using ultrasonic welding, leading to a higher resistance than stapled joints. However, the procedure is highly sensitive to wood properties, as the acoustic energy tends to be easily focused by its internal structure. It decreases the reproducibility of the welding procedure and increases the dispersion of joint properties. Achieving a better energy focus is nonetheless possible using appropriate conditions. Overall results are encouraging for further industrial development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Clément Turpin, Tugdual Le Nir, Sandra Tapin-Lingua, Guillaume Legrand, Marie Caron, Quentin Charlier
Effects of Returning Organic Fertilizer and Biochar to Soil on Surface Electrochemical Properties and Nutrients
The soil application of organic materials, such as biochar and organic fertilizers, serves as an important approach to maintaining soil nutrient cycling and enhancing soil quality. Here the effects of biochar and organic fertilizer application were comparatively analyzed relative to soil organic matter, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) content, and soil surface electrochemical properties. The primary factors influencing soil surface electrochemical properties were identified. It was found that application of two organic materials could increase the contents of total nutrients and available nutrients. Among all indicators, nitrate nitrogen showed the most significant increase, with T1 and T2 increasing by 34.2% and 75.7% compared to CK, respectively. The two organic materials enhanced soil surface charge quantity, specific surface area, and surface charge density. SOC and HS contents were identified as the top two influencing factors for changes in soil surface electrochemical properties. The explanation index of SOC reached 70.1% and 39.4% for T1 and T2, while those of HS were 20.3% and 31.2%, respectively. These efforts elucidated the impacts of the return of organic fertilizer and biochar to the field on soil surface electrochemical properties, which could provide data support for enhancing arable land quality and fostering healthy soil development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jie Cao, Haoli Qu, Ruirong Li, Pengjun Wang, Mingjiang Chen
Preparation and Properties of Waste Polypropylene/ Bamboo Fiber Composite
With the continuous increase of waste PP plastics, how to recycle and reuse waste PP has become particularly important. In this study, waste PP and bamboo fiber (BF) were used as raw materials. The effects of bamboo fiber mesh size, bamboo fiber content, and hot-pressing process parameters (temperature, pressure, and time) on the physical and mechanical properties of waste PP/BF composites were systematically optimized through single-factor and orthogonal experiments. Composites prepared with 60 to 80 mesh bamboo fiber at 55% to 65% content exhibited the best physical and mechanical properties. The critical factors affecting the elastic modulus and bending strength were bamboo fiber content and hot-pressing temperature, while bamboo fiber content, hot-pressing temperature, and time had the greatest influence on the 72 h water absorption. The optimized process parameters were bamboo fiber content of 55%, hot-pressing temperature of 200 °C, hot-pressing pressure of 0.9 MPa, and hot-pressing time of 17.5 min. Under these conditions, the composite met the requirements of GB/T 29500 (2013) standard. Further research is needed to optimize performance for outdoor applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miaoyun Wang, Chenyang Li, Binqing Sun, Lili Yu, Hui Li, Zhifeng Ma, Songting He, Hao Lyu
The Impact of Product Perceived Value on Green Furniture Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Customer Value
Although consumer interest in green furniture is growing, existing research has seldom examined the underlying psychological mechanisms driving such behavior. To address this gap, data from a survey of 915 Mainland Chinese consumers were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) to assess how multidimensional customer value—encompassing economic, functional, relational, and emotional dimensions—mediates the effect of perceived green value on purchase intention. The results reveal that emotional value is the strongest mediating pathway linking perceived green value to purchase intention. It also enhances consumers’ perceptions of economic, functional, and relational value. This underscores the central role of emotional engagement in motivating green furniture purchases. Theoretically, this study enriches customer value theory by demonstrating how emotional value bridges product perceptions and purchase intention in the durable green consumption context. Practically, the findings suggest that green furniture firms can strengthen purchase intention by embedding emotional resonance into product design and marketing, alongside communicating economic, functional, and relational benefits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tao Shi, Shulan Yu, Lu Zhang, DongLin Li
Preparation of Citrullus colocynthis Seed Extract and Assessment of Cyto-toxicity, Anti-microbial, Anti-inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities
One of the most common health issues that affect individuals is pain, which can manifest in a variety of ways. Opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed for pain relief; however, their prolonged use can result in substantial adverse effects on various bodily systems. As a result, it is important to identify alternative medications that are both more effective and secure. The health benefits of Citrullus colocynthis herb, rich in beneficial elements, are well documented. The effects of an aqueous seed extract of C. colocynthis were examined in this study. The B16F10 melanoma cell line was employed to evaluate the extract’s cytotoxicity. The authors implemented antimicrobial investigations employing four bacterial strains. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were assessed using Swiss albino mice and Wistar albino rats, respectively. The cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that the C. colocynthis extract did not manifest any significant cytotoxic effects on the B16F10 melanoma cell line. The extract exhibited efficacious activity against the Gram-positive bacteria that were the subject of antimicrobial investigations. Pain inhibition effects exceeded 70%, with the analgesic activity. Consequently, the C. colocynthis extract exhibits potential as an analgesic and antimicrobial agent, necessitating additional research and development work.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zihan Zhu, Huan Meng , Jie Zhang
Effects of Treatments on the Structure of Camellia oleifera Cake Protein and the Properties of Adhesives
Although the preparation of wood adhesives from protein in oilcake has significant advantages in terms of environmental protection and cost control, it still faces many challenges that need to be addressed in practical applications. This study used Camellia oleifera cake protein extracted from C. oleifera seeds as raw material to prepare adhesives through thermal, alkaline, acidic, and enzymatic treatments, which were then applied in the production of plywood. The results showed that thermal treatment increased the viscosity of the protein adhesive and improved the bonding strength to 1.12 MPa. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated partial transformation of the secondary structure of protein molecules, while differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed an increase in curing temperature. Alkaline treatment slightly reduced the viscosity but achieved a bonding strength of 1.14 MPa, disrupting some of the crystalline structures of the protein and lowering the curing temperature. Acidic treatment greatly reduced the viscosity but resulted in the highest bonding strength of 1.36 MPa, partially hydrolyzing peptide bonds and reducing both the curing temperature and crystallinity. Enzymatic treatment decreased the viscosity of the protein adhesive but lowered the bonding strength to 0.82 MPa, with extensive hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Different treatment methods altered the rheological properties and bonding properties of the adhesives by affecting the molecular structure, aggregation state, and chemical reactivity of C. oleifera protein.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jiankun Liang, Feiyan Gong, Longxu Wu, Yuanyuan Dong, Xue Deng, Linjing Lan, Xin He, Haiyuan Yang, Yu He, Yuqi Yang, Hui Yang, Zhigang Wu
Improving Physical Properties and Printability of Fruit Packaging Kraft Liner with Mineral and Nanographene Coatings
Biological nanomaterials such as nanographene and fluorite have garnered the attention for the production of diverse products, particularly food packaging, owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The objective of this study was to prepare a coated paperboard sheet utilizing nanomaterials and mineral compounds to enhance the physical characteristics and printability of the brown kraft liner paper. In this investigation, a 120 g/m2 brown kraft liner was employed, in conjunction with varying quantities of nanographene, zein protein, and fluorite, combined with internal resin for the coating process. The physical properties were examined. The samples were treated in standard conditions of 20 °C and 65% relative humidity. The results revealed that the coating led to an increase in yellowness, opacity, glossiness, optical density, and resistance to air permeation compared to the control sample. Notably, the air resistance of the graphene-coated sample was about 5350 seconds. The roughness increased by 9.7 µm with the use of fluorite. Furthermore, a noticeable increase in opacity and glossiness was observed in the coated samples. The adhesion of the coated layer and flexo ink was also excellent, so that it remained intact on the paper surface.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jafar Ebrahimpour Kasmani, Ahmad Samariha, Mohammadreza Amiri Margavi
In-vitro and In-vivo Antiarthritic Activity of the Ethanol Extracts of Leaves of Astragalus glycyphyllos in CFA-induced Arthritis in Rats
The effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of A. glycyphyllos leaves was evaluated for treating arthritis. This was done by examining its ability to protect chondrocytes (cartilage cells) from inflammation caused by IL-1β stimulation, as well as its ability to alleviate arthritis generated by CFA in rats. Rats in the CFA control group exhibited increased paw inflammation on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Inflammation was greatly reduced when treated with A. glycyphyllos extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. There was a positive correlation between the extract dosage and the rats’ body weight. The extract alleviated inflammatory and arthritic symptoms in animals with CFA, leading to an improvement in the arthritic index. Animals afflicted with arthritis exhibited elevated levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and a decrease in their ability to move. The administration of the extract significantly improved the locomotor score and strongly suppressed the activation of inflammatory markers. The extract effectively reduced the production of NO, PGE2, MMP1, and MMP13 in IL-1β-stimulated PRCs, with the extent of reduction depending on the dosage. This investigation showcased the therapeutic properties of the A. glycyphyllos extract in treating arthritis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lingli Gu, Rong Su, Shiyun Yin, Yuanjie Zhou, Lili Chen, Weichao Liu, Weitian Yan, Xianna Yang, Jianmei Yin, Jiangyun Peng, Wei Jian Zhou
Seismic Analysis of Wood-Stone Structures with Three Degree of Freedom Systems
Wood and stone have different damping ratios. The seismic analysis of wood-stone structures is important. The vertical wood-stone structure is regarded as a three degree of freedom system. Based on Caughey damping model of substructures, the whole damping matrix was constructed. Then combined with Newmark-β method, a numerical method was proposed to calculate dynamic responses of wood-stone structures. Numerical results showed that the seismic performance of wood-stone structures was stronger than that of stone structures, and it was weaker than that of wood structures. During the process of earthquake action, the middle wood substructure can obviously improve seismic performance of the wood-stone structure. The bottom structure has greater stiffness, but weaker seismic performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gangzhu Sun, Guosen Zhou, Panxu Sun
Exploration of Visual Appeal and Local Cultural Identity in Wooden Packaging Design
As the coffee market continues to expand and new consumption patterns emerge, a brand’s cultural philosophy has become central to market differentiation. Consequently, innovative coffee packaging designs that integrate regional culture have drawn attention among designers and consumers. This study designed and evaluated wooden packaging prototypes. First, a repository was compiled of representative Yunnan cultural elements and four design schemes were developed. Next, 10 experts in the field of packaging design were invited. A multi-criteria evaluation framework was constructed, and the FAHP and CRITIC computed composite weights were determined for each index. Subsequently, TOPSIS was used to rank the scheme. An eye-tracking experiment was conducted with 44 test subjects to assess differences in visual attraction across schemes. Results showed that the FAHP–CRITIC–TOPSIS pipeline reliably identified the top-ranked scheme, and eye-tracking metrics corroborated its superior visual salience. The integrated approach combines subjective and objective evidence, rendering the weighting process more defensible and linking quantitative rankings with observed viewing behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shiyu Zhang , Jiang Rui
Comparative Evaluation of Supercritical CO2 and Methanol Extraction of Ruta graveolens Polyphenolic Compounds: In-vitro Characterization of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials
Plant-derived extracts remain a vital source of bioactive molecules with potential medicinal applications. Ruta graveolens, a phenolic-rich medicinal herb, is recognized for its diverse antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was carried out using carbon dioxide (CO₂) as fluid. This was compared to Soxhlet extraction (SE) with methanol to obtain Ruta graveolens extracts rich in bioactive compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed notable differences in the phenolic profiles of Ruta graveolens extracts depending on the extraction method. SFE yielded higher concentrations of gallic acid (1380 µg/g), chlorogenic acid (522 µg/g), catechin (595 µg/g), and rosmarinic acid (218 µg/g), while SE contained more kaempferol (242 µg/g) and catechin (921 µg/g). The IC₅₀ assessments were 6.59 µg/g for SFE and 1.63 µg/g for methanol, indicating potent anti-inflammatory potentials for both extracts. Based on DPPH radical scavenging assay, SFE and SE of R. graveolens extracts showed concentration-dependent activity. The IC₅₀ values were 5.81 µg/mL (SFE) and 7.86 µg/mL (SE). SFE showed larger inhibition zones than SE (24 ± 0.2 vs 20 ± 0.3 mm for B. subtilis; 17 ± 0.3 vs 11 ± 0.6 mm for P. aeruginosa) and stronger effects on K. pneumoniae and C. albicans.
The Mechanical Performance of a Liao Dynasty Five-Step Outer Eave Column-Head Dougong Bracket: A Numerical Investigation
The Dougong bracket is a critical seismic-resistant element in traditional Chinese timber structures, yet its complex mechanical behavior requires further investigation. This study numerically evaluated the static structural performance of a Liao Dynasty ‘Five-Step Outer Eave Column-Head Dougong Bracket’ from the Dule Temple Gate using finite element analysis. An orthotropic constitutive model calibrated with Pinus sylvestris test data and the Hill yield criterion were implemented in ANSYS. Simulations under vertical monotonic and horizontal low-cycle reversed loads assessed strength, deformation, and energy dissipation. Key findings include a maximum vertical load-bearing capacity of 344 kN, with stress concentrations up to 27.4 MPa at the Huagong-Ludou interface. Horizontal loading revealed symmetrical hysteresis loops, peak loads of 999 kN (Y-axis) and 522 kN (X-axis), ductility coefficients of 2.45 to 3.63, and equivalent viscous damping values of 0.097 to 0.122. The vertical response exhibited tri-linear stiffness degradation, while horizontal behavior followed multi-linear restoring force models. These results validate FEA as an efficient tool for assessing Dougong brackets, supporting the conservation and understanding of historical timber structures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chang Chen, Yuanhe Li, Dongnan Han, Hongfa Kang, Jibin Wang, Lijun Liu, Lei Pang, Wenyu Cao
Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activities, and Toxicity of the Leaf Essential Oils Obtained from Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla Cultivated in Malaysia
This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial properties, mosquito larvicidal effects, and brine shrimp toxicity of essential oils obtained using hydrodistillation from the fresh and dried leaves of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla at two age groups. Leaves from trees aged 17 to 31 months old yielded more essential oils than those aged 40 to 50 months. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis revealed that 1,8-cineol (13.1% to 26.7%) and α-terpinyl acetate (18.3% to 26.1%) were the dominant components across all essential oils. All tested essential oils inhibited Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum, but failed to exhibit activity against most of the tested Gram-negative bacteria and Aspergillus fumigatus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 2.50 mg/mL for bacteria and 0.04 to 1.25 mg/mL for fungi, highlighting the greater antifungal efficacy of the essential oils. All tested essential oil samples were also active against third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, with median lethal concentrations of 52.3 to 134 µg/mL after 24 h, lower than that of against Artemia franciscana nauplii (209 and 222 µg/mL). Therefore, Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla essential oils are potential larvicidal agents for mosquito control with low toxicity to aquatic organisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 See Cheng Yip, Lai Yee Ho, Nam Weng Sit
The Effect of Students’ Academic Motivation on Their Self-Perceived Digital and Sustainability Competencies in Wood Science and Technology Education
The wood and furniture sector faces challenges in adopting digital and sustainability practices, mainly due to a lack of competencies for effective implementation. While current educational reforms in Slovenia emphasize the development of digital and sustainability competencies at all levels of wood science and technology education, the role of motivation, one of the key drivers of learning, in shaping these competencies has not been sufficiently explored. This study investigated how academic motivation affects students, self-perceived digital and sustainability competencies. A survey was conducted among 433 final-year students in wood science and technology education programs, including secondary vocational and technical, short-cycle higher vocational, and higher education institutions. The Academic Motivation Scale was used along with instruments derived from established European digital and sustainability competence frameworks. Structural equation modeling revealed that students’ academic motivation positively predicted their self-perceived generic digital, generic sustainability, and professional digital and sustainability competencies, and explained between 22 and 29% of the variance. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were not shown to be distinct dimensions, but formed a unidimensional construct, suggesting that both internal interests and external incentives jointly support the perception of these competencies. Students’ academic motivation is a decisive factor for their self-perceived digital and sustainability competencies in wood science and technology education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luka Goropečnik, Jože Kropivšek, Nina Kristl, Danijela Makovec Radovan
Effect of Alkali Concentration on the Nanofibrillation Efficiency of Cellulose by Mechanical Grinding
Efficient production of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from wood pulp remains a challenge for industrial applications, requiring optimized pretreatment and processing strategies. In this study, hardwood kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) was pretreated with NaOH solutions (5 to 20 wt%) and subsequently processed using a large-scale wet grinder. The effects of pretreatment concentration and grinding on nanofibrillation efficiency were evaluated through compositional, structural, and optical analyses. Alkali pretreatment promoted hemicellulose removal and crystalline transforma-tion, while mechanical grinding facilitated progressive microfibrillation. Notably, pretreatment at concentrations above 15 wt% significantly enhanced nanofibrillation efficiency, highlighting the importance of crystalline transformation in addition to hemicellulose removal. These findings provide practical insights for optimizing CNF production processes and advancing their industrial-scale commercialization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jiwook Yang, Kyojung Hwang, Jaejung Lee, Sang-Jin Chun, Jimin Lee, Jaegyoung Gwon
Identifying Core User Requirements for Urban Square Seats: An Integrated UJM, Fuzzy Kano Model, and SEM Approach
The current design of seats in urban squares struggles to meet the diverse social, rest, and aesthetic needs of users, highlighting the systematic lack of humanized design in public facilities. This paper took Chengdu Tianfu Square and Mianyang Fucheng Wanda Plaza as the research objects. Through the User Journey Map (UJM), 23 user requirements were sorted out. The Fuzzy Kano Model was used to screen and classify the attributes of the requirement set, obtaining eight must-be requirements, seven one-dimensional requirements, and six attractive requirements. On this basis, the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was introduced to identify 11 core user requirements. The seat design scheme of Chengdu Tianfu Square was output based on 11 core requirements. The scheme was verified by using the Likert five-level scale and the System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 72.38, indicating good usability and higher satisfaction compared to existing benchmarks. This study verified that the UJM-Fuzzy KANO Model-SEM integrated model can effectively help the designers of urban square seats identify the core requirements in the fuzzy and complex user requirements. The approach can quickly clarify the design direction and improve the user satisfaction of urban square seats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhihui Pang, Ming Chen, Jianhua Lyu
Effects of Yellow Pigment Content on the Properties of Bamboo Flour/High-Density Polyethylene Composites
Effects of iron oxide yellow pigment content were investigated relative to the properties of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) based on bamboo flour and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Samples with pigment contents of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% were prepared, and the structure–property relationships were systematically examined. The incorporation of pigment significantly enhanced surface hydrophobicity, with the static water contact angle increasing from 79.41° to 109.15°. This was attributed to the inherent hydrophobicity of the pigment and its physical shielding of wood fibers, thereby reducing surface energy and limiting the exposure of hydrophilic groups. The composite with 5% pigment exhibited the optimum mechanical performance, whereas higher pigment loading (≥10%) resulted in reduced mechanical properties, with flexural strength decreasing by up to 14.8%. SEM analysis revealed that excessive pigment led to agglomeration, causing interfacial defects and stress concentration. The 10% pigment formulation showed a relatively uniform and well-bonded interface, while the 15% sample contained noticeable fiber exposure and voids. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that the pigment primarily served as a physical filler without introducing new chemical functionalities. In conclusion, an appropriate amount of pigment (5%) can effectively improve the hydrophobicity and mechanical properties of bamboo flour/HDPE composites.
Copyright (c) 2025 Guoyan Duan, Min Wang, Xingxing Yang, Wei Wang, Weifen Zhang
The Effect of OCC Fibers Surface Modification and Polyvinyl Alcohol on the Properties of Test Liner Paper
One of the most important properties of paper is its mechanical strength. Recycled paper industry has different challenges related to fiber strength in old corrugated container (OCC). This study investigated of the efficacy of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as reinforcing agent when OCC fibers are modified with oxidative treatment by using hydrogen peroxide. The surface oxidation introduces carboxyl groups on the cellulosic chains of the OCC fibers, and PVA has significant effect on the reaction between fibers and carboxyl groups. Results showed that PVA-treated samples, especially the oxidized samples of the OCC fibers, exhibited significant improvement in tensile and burst strength compared to untreated samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the oxidative modification of OCC fibers leads to a decrease in porosity and an increase in the connection between fibers, and this process also leads to an increase in the adhesion of PVA and an improvement of its bonding. In addition, the treated samples showed higher resistance to fat permeation, which is a key characteristic for industrial packaging applications. This approach indicated the synergistic benefit of combining of the PVA and oxidized OCC fibers to boost the formation and barrier properties of the recycled papers. This method also presented an effective and eco-friendly solution to improve the recycled papers’ quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehran Parastar , Noureddin Nazarnezhad, Qasim Asadpour
Preparation and Papermaking Properties of Dry-Cut Powder from Chemically Crosslinked BEKP
Chemical crosslinking of cellulosic fibers increases their brittleness, making them more susceptible to dry powdering. In this study, bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (BEKP) sheets were crosslinked with glyoxal (GO) and citric acid (CA) and subsequently dry cut into powders using a Wiley cutting mill. Key variables in the powder preparation were dosages of GO and CA, as well as their respective catalysts, aluminum sulphate (alum) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP). The average fiber length of the GO and CA crosslinked pulps was reduced, at most down to 0.12 and 0.17 mm by the dry cutting, using a 0.5 mm perforated screen in the final dry-cutting stage. The powders exhibited reduced water retention, lower sedimentation volume in water, and, when dry, showed increased tapped and bulk densities. When mixed with refined BEKP, the powders enhanced dewatering during handsheet formation and improved the resulting sheets’ bulk, light scattering, and opacity, while reducing tensile strength. These findings suggest that chemically crosslinked pulp powders have potential as a bulking and dewatering aid in papermaking. Furthermore, due to their low water absorbency and presumable low abrasiveness, the powder may have potential applications beyond papermaking, such as filler of plastics, glues, and coating materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antti Korpela, Jaakko Asikainen
Maize Grain Forced-Convection Mechanical Drying Process Optimization: A Case of Concession Depot of Company X in Zimbabwe
Grain drying is a process that succeeds harvesting and is performed to sustainably maintain the properties of grain during the storage period. Elevated moisture content in grains shortens their shelf life, as it promotes bacterial growth. In this present research, the maize grain mechanical drying process parameters; drying air temperature (30 ºC, 60 ºC, and 110 ºC), airflow rate (1.2 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 1.8 m/s), and drying time (30 min, 120 min, and 180 min); were investigated and optimized as regards their effect on the on the dried grain quality and moisture reduction process to minimize the desiccating energy consumption. A full factorial design of experiment was planned, and optimization was carried out utilizing statistical tools, including analysis of variance and the main effects plot signal-to-noise ratio. Results revealed that the evaluated dehydration process parameters, air temperature, and air flow rate, significantly influenced the drying dynamics, whilst the time parameter displayed minimal impact on the process. The optimum drying process parameters were established to be 30 ºC drying temperature, 1.5 m/s airflow rate, and 120 min drying process run time. The percentage error margin between the predicted and confirmation experimental run results at the optimum parameter setting condition was less than 15%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nicholas Tayisepi, Samson Mhlanga, Alois Zana, Nashmi H. Alrasheedi, Borhen Louhichi, Santosh Kumar Sahu
Hardwood-derived Cellulose Nanofibrils and Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose via Fenton Pretreatment: Issues of Fiber Fragmentation and Coating Performance
A novel cellulose nano material was prepared through a controlled Fenton oxidation process utilizing hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ions. The reaction parameters enabled ferrous-catalyzed oxidation, which combined with mechanical treatment resulted in an effective fibrillation of cellulose fibers. Optical microscopy images provided a visual comparison of fiber morphology between untreated hardwood pulp and Fenton-treated samples, clearly illustrating the fibrillation effect. The samples were evaluated for fiber drainage behavior, and conclusions about accessibility and the extent of fibrillation were made. Measurements of the surface charge of the samples revealed an increase in negative charges originating from added carboxyl groups, which is essential for the dispersing and stabilization of cellulose nano fibrils and micro-fibrillated cellulose (CNF/MFC). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the introduction of the carboxyl groups due to the Fenton treatment. The CNF/MFC material was used as paper coatings, without adding additional materials. The coated samples underwent analyses of permeability and roughness, revealing possibilities for enhancements in barrier properties and hydrophobicity. The results emphasize the ability of Fenton oxidation in generating high-quality small scale cellulosic materials with customized functionalities, underscoring their potential application in advanced coating technologies and sustainable material innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Morassa Raouf, Björn Sjöstrand, Agne Swerin
Structural Optimization of Corn Circulating Ventilator for Grain Storage Silo Based on CFD
This study optimized the ventilation structure of a fan-driven corn circulating grain storage bin. By combining computational fluid dynamics, orthogonal experiments, and response surface optimization experiments, the internal airflow field of the corn circulating ventilation of grain storage bin was simulated and the structural parameters were optimized using Fluent simulation. The optimization function of the Design-expert 13 software was utilized to determine the optimal parameter combination as follows: the diameter of the circulating inlet was 20 mm, the number of circulation layers is 13, the diameter of the bottom ventilation opening was 6 mm, and the number of ventilation openings was 7. Using the evaluation index of relative standard deviation CV, the wind speed uniformity of the storage area before and after optimization was compared. After optimization, the relative standard deviation CV of the internal flow field of the grain storage bin increased by 24.1% compared to the initial ventilation structure of the bin. This study provides important data for the optimization of the ventilation structure of corn grain storage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siyu Chen, Xi Wang, Xiaoyang Zhang, Chunshan Liu
Wooden Jewelry Design Guided by Sustainability Assessment: Integrating Natural and Cultural Elements
As consumer preferences increasingly emphasize emotional connection and cultural identity, jewelry design has placed greater focus on cultural symbolism and expressive qualities. This study sought to advance wooden jewelry design within a sustainability assessment framework, using natural and cultural element symbols as the core foundation, and to construct a systematic research process from element extraction to design verification through interdisciplinary approaches. First, natural and cultural element symbols were systematically classified, and users’ Kansei vocabulary related to wooden jewelry was collected and structured via the Affinity Diagram Method to identify emotional requirements. The Priority Ranking Method was then applied to quantify these requirements, followed by the use of Quality Function Deployment to map Kansei vocabulary to element symbols, enabling the selection of core elements and the development of three design proposals. An evaluation model was subsequently established using the Entropy Weight Method, while Grey Relational Analysis was employed to determine the optimal design, which was further validated through user testing. These findings demonstrate that this framework effectively translates natural and cultural elements into a design language for sustainable wooden jewelry, offering methodological insights into integrating traditional craftsmanship with contemporary design practice.
Hybrid Bio-Composites Reinforced with Kenaf and Snake Grass Fibers and Neem Gum: Synergistic Effects and Role of Fiber Aspect Ratio
The influence of neem gum powder (NGP) was evaluated relative to the mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with varying ratios of kenaf and snake grass fibers. Six composite samples (KS1 to KS6) were fabricated with a constant epoxy content of 60 wt%. KS1 to KS5 incorporated 10 wt% NGP, while KS6 served as the control sample without gum. The results revealed a substantial improvement in mechanical performance with the inclusion of gum. The KS4 composite, containing 20% kenaf and 10% snake grass fiber, exhibited the highest tensile strength (59 MPa), flexural strength (82 MPa), inter-laminar shear strength (11.8 MPa), hardness (85.5 Shore D), and impact strength (5.23 J), along with the lowest water absorption (27%). In contrast, KS6 showed significantly lower values in all these properties, confirming the reinforcing effect of NGP. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of fractured surfaces revealed enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion in gum-containing composites, with fewer voids, reduced fiber pull-out, and minimal crack propagation, validating the mechanical test results. These findings demonstrated that the synergistic effect of hybrid fibers and gum significantly improved overall performance, making these composites promising for structural and eco-friendly applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nashmi H. Alrasheedi, Palanisamy Sivasubramanian , Manickaraj Karuppusamy, Barun Haldar, Thresh Kumar Durairaj
Effects of Biostimulants on Alleviating Drought Stress in Isparta Rose
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting the growth and productivity of Rosa damascena. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different biostimulant applications on the antioxidant defense system and biochemical responses of R. damascena under varying irrigation levels. Plants were grown under three irrigation regimes (100%, 50%, and 25% of field capacity (FC)) for 28 days, and treatments included vermicompost extract (V), Bacillus OSU-142 (B), and an algal extract (A) collected from Eğirdir Lake. Antioxidant enzyme activities, oxidative stress markers (MDA, H₂O₂), and proline content were measured weekly. Results showed that decreasing irrigation levels induced significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities, MDA, H₂O₂, and proline content, indicating oxidative and osmotic stress responses. Under well-watered conditions (100% FC), biostimulant applications had limited effects on these parameters. However, under moderate (50% FC) and severe drought stress (25% FC), biostimulant treatments effectively reduced MDA, H₂O₂, and proline accumulation, and led to lower antioxidant enzyme activities compared to controls. Bacillus OSU-142 and vermicompost were particularly effective treatments in mitigating oxidative damage and maintaining cellular homeostasis under severe water deficit. These findings show that biostimulants reduce ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation while modulating antioxidant defense in R. damascena.
A Data-Driven Multi-Criteria Evaluation Framework for the Design Optimization of Children’s Furniture
To enhance the scientific rigor and user alignment of children’s furniture design, this study proposes a data-driven multi-criteria evaluation framework for design optimization. Focusing on wooden seating products for children, online product reviews were collected and preprocessed using Python and the Jieba word segmentation tool to extract authentic user needs. An evaluation index system was established by filtering indicators through expert focus group discussions and the coefficient of variation method. During the weighting phase, subjective weights were derived using an improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), while objective weights were calculated via the CRITIC method. A game-theoretic approach was employed to integrate both into a composite weight vector. Finally, the TOPSIS–RSR model was applied to rank and classify the performance levels of four wooden children's seating designs. Based on the results, specific design guidance strategies were proposed. The proposed framework effectively captures user requirements, balances subjective and objective information, and provides a clear decision-making pathway for selecting optimal design solutions. The study not only advances theoretical research but also offers practical guidance for design, with strong potential for extension to other furniture categories and resource-driven product design domains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wumin Ouyang, Yong Han, Hemin Du, Shuhui Yu, Yuyu He
Lactic Acid Production from Green Microalgal Biomass Hydrolysates via Dilute Acid Pretreatment and Fermentation
This study explored the feasibility of using green microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) as a renewable feedstock for bio-based lactic acid production. Microalgal biomass was subjected to dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis under various conditions to optimize fermentable sugar recovery. The optimal hydrolysis condition consisted of 2% sulfuric acid, heating at 121 °C for 20 min, and a 10% solid-to-liquid ratio. This treatment yielded 12.1 g/L glucose and 2.1 g/L xylose. The hydrolysate was then used as the sole carbon source for fermentation by Lactobacillus casei, which completely consumed the sugars and produced 10.7 g/L lactic acid within 24 h. The overall sugar-to-lactic acid conversion efficiency reached 98% without any observable inhibition, and the product consisted exclusively of L-lactic acid with no detectable D-isomer. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of microalgal hydrolysis and confirm the potential for integrating cultivation, pretreatment, and fermentation into a sustainable, carbon-neutral biorefinery process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wei-Lin Tu, Jung-Mei Huang, Chung-Mao Ou
Characterization of a Novel Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 12 Endoglucanase from Talaromyces pinophilus Y117
Endoglucanase plays a vital role in lignocellulose degradation, yet the functional diversity of glycosyl hydrolase 12 (GH12) endoglucanases remains underexplored. In this study, TpCel12a, a novel GH12 endoglucanase from Talaromyces pinophilus Y117 was identified and characterized. It exhibited optimal activity at pH 4.0 and 40 °C with a preference for xyloglucan. Size exclusion chromatography revealed a monomeric state of TpCel12a. Despite classification into the promiscuous subfamily I, TpCel12a showed strict specificity for xyloglucan and carboxymethyl cellulose, yielding XXXG-type oligosaccharides and glucose/cellobiose, respectively. A loop 3 insertion mutant, designated as TpCel12a(+TQA), enhanced substrate affinity (5-fold lower Km) but reduced activity, suggesting a trade-off between binding and catalysis. Surprisingly, TpCel12a inhibited the hydrolytic efficiency of native T. pinophilus crude cellulase on corn cob powder, coinciding with its undetectable secretion under microcrystalline cellulose induction. This study highlights TpCel12a’s unique biochemical properties and its unexpected antagonistic role in native cellulase systems, offering insights for engineering fungal enzyme cocktails.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peng Li, Cheng Zhang, Junhui Nie, Dawei Xiong, Shuaiwen Zhang, Siyuan Yue, Jing Zeng, Lin Yuan
Analysis of Mineral Nutrients in Biochar Derived from Plants in Mining Areas
Phytoremediation is a critical technique for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils in coal gangue zones of mining areas. However, resource valorization of plant residues after heavy metal remediation poses considerable challenges. Converting these residues into biochar via thermochemical routes yields a material enriched with mineral nutrients (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu), conferring potential as a soil amendment. This study focused on remediation plants in coal gangue-affected mining regions, selecting Artemisia annua (a typical restoration plant) to prepare biochar through pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for quantitative analysis of mineral nutrients, providing a scientific basis for resource valorization of heavy metal-laden biomass residues from mining area remediation plants. The results indicated that, except for slight Mg fluctuation in hydrothermally carbonized biochar relative to the raw material, mineral nutrient concentrations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) in biochar prepared under other conditions were significantly enhanced (1.53 to 3.14 times via pyrolysis and 1.36 to 2.78 times via HTC). Furthermore, mineral nutrient concentrations under certain conditions complied with the Chinese agricultural industry standard for biochar (NY/T 4159-2022).
Copyright (c) 2025 Bing Wang, Mengke Cui, Jianghao Wang, Bo Liu, Shuai Wang, Yonggang Li, Xiaoqing Jia, Xuan Zhang, Zhiyu Gu, Kenji Ogino, Yuxian Hu
Bio-Based Aerogels from Potato Residues for Glycine Storage and Controlled Release
Biobased aerogels derived from starch offer a promising pathway for developing sustainable biomaterials. This study examines the use of starch extracted from potato peels to develop aerogels intended for glycine storage and controlled release. The reaction of starch with glutaraldehyde, used as a crosslinker, was demonstrated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, revealing the formation of hemiacetal bonds. Crosslinking enhanced thermal stability of the aerogels, as shown by thermogravimetric analysis, and improved their resistance to disintegration upon hydration. Glycine, an essential amino acid with agricultural and industrial applications, was loaded into the aerogels, and the release kinetics were evaluated under controlled conditions. Moreover, glycine acts as a neutralizing agent for residual glutaraldehyde, ensuring the suitability of the aerogel for applications where glutaraldehyde toxicity could be a concern. Structural characterization through scanning electron microscopy confirmed the porous architecture of the aerogels and revealed the presence of glycine crystals within the pores. These findings underscore the potential of crosslinked starch aerogels as eco-friendly carriers for bioactive molecules, paving the way for their application in agriculture and other fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariel Alejandra Zevallos Luna, Damase P. Khasa, Véronic Landry
The Taishōgoto: A Japanese Stringed Musical Instrument of Nagoya
A taishōgoto is a Japanese instrument that combines a guitar and an autoharp with the scale buttons positioned in a piano-like pattern. Its unique design, which combines a strung zither body with a keyboard mechanism akin to a typewriter, makes it relatively easy to achieve precise pitch while generating a rich, bright timbre full of overtones. For open string, the gradient of the partials frequency versus the partials indicates the value of 100.95 (i.e., G2) is half the fundamental frequency i.e.,195 Hz (i.e. G3). For harmonicity (fn/f0) versus the partials number, the gradient of ~0.5 shows that the partials consist of the harmonic and in-harmonics partials. For fret 3, the gradient of the partials frequency versus the partials is 229.46 (i.e., A3#), equivalent to the fundamental frequency (f0) of 232 Hz (A3#). The taishogoto regardless finds practical applications in spite of these limitations. It has been evolved into a variety of genres, such as jazz, world, and folk music, and it continues to be of interest to experimental composers who are experimenting with its unique tonal characteristics. The taishogoto thus has a special place between usefulness and artistry, history and modernity, and innovation and limitation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aaliyawani Ezzerin Sinin, Sinin Hamdan, Ezra Alfandy M Duin, Khairul Anwar Mohamad Said, Ahmad Faudzi Musib
Identification of Organic Compounds in Wood and Bark of Persian Oak Having Different Levels of Crown Dieback Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
The influence of environmental factors on variations in organic compound content of sapwood and inner bark of mature Persian oaks were investigated in the Zagros forests, western Iran. Trees with four levels of defoliation were selected: healthy, light, moderate, and severely defoliated. First, wood and bark flours were prepared based on standard TAPPI test methods. The extractives of the tissues were obtained using Soxhlet and acetone solvents. Subsequently, the extractives compounds were derivatized using a silane-based compound and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Six dominant compounds were detected in the wood and bark of healthy oaks, with 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose (levoglucosan) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid) being the most abundant components. In trees with light defoliation, five dominant compounds were identified, among which phthalic acid and salicylic acid were the most abundant components. In trees with moderate dieback, 6-aza-5,7,12,14-tetrathiapentacene (heteropentacene) and salicylic acid were found in the greatest quantities, while in trees with severe dieback, salicylic acid and phthalic acid were the dominant components in the wood and bark of Persian oak trees. Salicylic acid and gibberellin A3 were common components in all bark and wood samples, while other compounds differed between different classes of dieback.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamid R. Naji, Ayoub Azimi, Ramin Vaysi, Afsaneh Tongo, Forough Soheili
Modification of Poplar Wood with Different Resins: A Sustainable Solution for the Furniture Industry
Poplar wood (Populus deltoides), a fast-growing and abundant species, holds promise for sustainable material use, but its low density, poor dimensional stability, and weak strength restrict high-value applications. This study examined property enhancement through resin impregnation with phenol-formaldehyde (PF), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations. Modified specimens were tested for weight percent gain, bulking, water absorption, dimensional swelling, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity (MOE), impact strength, and surface hardness, as well as machinability and carving performance using expert evaluation and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) surface quality. Given the laboratory-scale dimensions of the specimens, the resins achieved satisfactory penetration, as also reflected in the WPG values. The 15% PF treatment produced the greatest improvements, yielding a WPG of 26.3%, MOE above 10,000 MPa, and reduced surface roughness to 2.90 µm. Compared with untreated samples, PF-modified wood showed superior dimensional stability, machining resistance, and carving clarity, approaching the properties of hardwoods such as walnut and beech. MUF led to moderate benefits, whereas PEG mainly caused bulk increase without significant strength or moisture resistance improvements. Overall, PF impregnation effectively upgraded poplar wood, indicating its potential as a cost-effective alternative for decorative and structural applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Faraji Delavar, Peyman Ahmadi
Thin-Layer Drying Models and Artificial Neural Network for Wood Fiber in a Near-Infrared Dryer
The purpose of this study was to fit and compare semi-empirical thin-layer drying models and an artificial neural network (ANN) model to describe the drying kinetics of wood fiber in a near-infrared (NIR) dryer. The drying kinetics of wood fiber were evaluated using 18 semi-empirical models at three temperatures (105, 120, and 135 °C), utilizing a halogen moisture analyzer. The ANN model was designed with temperature and time as input factors and moisture content as the output variable. The findings revealed that the drying process was mainly controlled by a diffusion mechanism, and all the process occurred in two falling drying rate periods. The fitness of drying curves on semi-theoretical models based on statistical parameters, including RMSE, SSE, and R2 showed that there was not much difference between equations with a maximum of two constant parameters and equations with more than two constant parameters. Therefore, using a simple model can help to reduce the time of the analysis and is beneficial to avoid using complex drying models. Also, the results showed that at higher drying temperatures (120 to 135 °C), both ANN and the best-performing semi-empirical models (Page and Henderson–Pabis) produced comparable accuracy, whereas at lower temperature (105 °C), ANN performed better due to its flexibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Arabi, Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghalehno
Anti-collagenase and Gut Microbiota: Potential Modulatory Properties of Enzymatically Processed By-products from Cacalia firma Leaves
Cacalia firma is known for its unique fragrance, and its young shoots are traditionally used as culinary herbs and for their active constituents. The leaves of C. firma and the residual material remaining after enzymatic treatment exhibit both nutritional and therapeutic potentials. Despite this, the application of enzyme-treated C. firma leaf residues in functional food development has received limited attention. According to existing research, these residues are abundant in health-promoting compounds, such as antioxidants and polyphenols. Moreover, preliminary in vitro studies have suggested their potential to alleviate gut microbiota-modulatory problems. Expanding studies in this field could support the future use of enzyme-treated C. firma residues as valuable components in functional food formulations. This study aims to detail the bioactive profiles and nutraceutical potential of various enzyme-treated C. firma leaf residues and assess their applicability in health-oriented food products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Si Young Ha, Hyeon Cheol Kim, Jae-Kyung Yang
Preparation and Performance of High Belite Sulfoaluminate Cement-based Recycled Wood Fiber Low-Carbon Material
Using waste wood to prepare recycled wood fiber (RWF) and using it to enhance low-carbon cement-based materials can achieve the recycling utilization of waste resources, which meets the needs of green and sustainable development strategy. In this study, the performance of high-belite sulfoaluminate cement (HBSC) composites reinforced with recycled wood fibers (RWFs) derived from construction waste wood was investigated. The effects of RWF content and water-to-cement ratio on mechanical properties, hydration characteristics, thermal conductivity, and micro-structure were systematically evaluated. Increasing RWF content resulted in an initial increase followed by a decrease in the mechanical properties of HBSC-based materials. A 20% RWF incorporation simultaneously optimized flexural and compressive strength while mitigating crack propagation. The addition of RWF decreased the dry density of HBSC. Thermal conductivity exhibited a linear correlation with dry density and decreased with higher water-cement ratios. At 20% RWF content and a water-cement ratio of 0.45, the microstructure of the HBSC composite became denser (or more refined in pore structure), resulting in the optimal comprehensive performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ning Wang, Yueheng Li, Yujiao Li, Adnan Sami, Lili Li
Rhizosphere-derived Glycoside Hydrolases: A Biotechnological Treasure Trove from Arid Plant Ecosystems
Wild plant-associated rhizospheric microbiomes represent largely unexplored reservoirs of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that have significant biotechnological potential. This metagenomic investigation examined glycoside hydrolase (GH) family distribution within rhizospheric microbial assemblages of two native Saudi Arabian plants: Moringa oleifera and Abutilon fruticosum. High-throughput shotgun sequencing revealed pronounced plant species-specific CAZyme specialization. Moringa oleifera rhizospheres exhibited exclusive enrichment in five GH families (GH105, GH106, GH25, GH28, and GH38), while A. fruticosum supported three distinct families (GH17, GH32, and GH33). Taxonomic analysis revealed differential microbial composition: M. oleifera communities were dominated by Actinobacteria (Streptomyces, Micromonospora) with significant eukaryotic representation, whereas A. fruticosum microbiomes showed bacterial predominance, primarily Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Bradyrhizobium). CAZyme-encoding sequences frequently exceeded 120 per GH family, indicating extensive catalytic potential. These specialized enzymes offer multifaceted applications across pharmaceutical glycoprotein synthesis, lignocellulosic biomass degradation for biofuels, food preservation systems, and biomaterial fabrication for tissue regeneration. The rhizosphere-specific enrichment of highly specialized CAZyme consortia positions these microbial communities as scalable biocatalytic platforms, providing eco-sustainable alternatives to conventional industrial methodologies across pharmaceutical, energy, food, and environmental sectors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khulood F. Alabbosh, Rewaa S. Jalal
Comprehensive Evaluation of Outdoor Furniture Design Using the SD–AHP–GRA Method
Amid the rise of the experience economy, the integration of perceptual experiences into outdoor furniture evaluation was identified as a critical requirement. An integrated SD–AHP–GRA model, combining Semantic Differential (SD), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), was employed. User emotional needs through semantic analysis were quantified, and the design elements were determined by expert assessments. The results showed that three core design dimensions, namely functionality, aesthetics, and interactive experience, were identified using the AHP method. Three design schemes were comparatively assessed using AHP–GRA, with Scheme B confirmed as optimal (weighted correlation: 0.873). The AHP–GRA composite model, which combines expert weights with grey relational analysis to reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty inherent in AHP weighting, highlighted excellence in high-weight attributes of outdoor furniture design, demonstrating its superiority in balancing multidimensional criteria. Overall, the SD–AHP–GRA method was validated as a means to resolve conflicts between subjective preferences and engineering constraints in outdoor furniture design.
Copyright (c) 2025 Xinghua Xia, Darliana Binti Mohamad, Feng Chen
From Kraft Pulp Fibers to Si-O-C Ceramics via Sol-Gel Synthesis: Impact of Functionalization and Pre-Pyrolysis
This study investigated the fabrication of C/SiO₂ ceramics using kraft pulp fibers (KF) and phosphorylated kraft pulp fibers (PKF) impregnated with a ceramic precursor via a sol-gel route. The rheological behaviour coupled to infrared spectroscopy of the ceramic precursor was examined to optimize the drying process of the impregnated preforms. Thermo-gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the thermal behaviour and micro-structure of the ceramics. The PKF exhibited a superior thermal stability, and enhanced fiber/ceramic interactions compared to untreated KF. The impact of the fiber functionalization and of the pre-pyrolysis of PKF on fiber/ceramic interactions was also explored. The in-situ formation of carbon fibers during heat treatment from PKF appears to be a more effective approach for developing future environmentally sustainable ceramic matrix composites (CMCs).
Copyright (c) 2025 Thomas Laporte, François Brouillette, Sylvie Foucaud, Romain Lucas-Roper
A Classification Method of Softwood Species for Building and Interior Decoration Based on Deep Learning
The material properties of softwood species affect the safety of building structures, and wood identification is a key factor in material certification in specific institutions for green building certification. This study investigated an efficient wood species identification algorithm, aiming to provide a reliable method for material selection in construction and decoration industries. Using microscopic cross-sectional images of 36 softwood species applied in construction and decoration as research objects, 11 classic deep learning models were employed for species classification, combined with class activation map analysis to examine the key structural features for species identification. Specifically, the model structure and advantages of Swin Transformer were highlighted, in which hierarchical feature extraction and shifted window attention mechanism enable multi-scale fusion of wood structural features, such as tracheids, within global contexts, thereby improving classification accuracy for wood cross-sectional images. Experimental results showed that the Swin Transformer model achieved the highest classification accuracy of 99.97%, with both precision and recall exceeding 99% and an F1 score of 99%. These findings validate that deep learning networks based on the Transformer framework can achieve reliable image classification performance in wood research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhikang Tian, Xiaotong Liu, Bei Zhang, Zhedong Ge, Yucheng Zhou
3D-Printed Reinforcers for Shelves in Panel Furniture Fabricated from Polyamide Filament
To address the issue of bending deformation in panel furniture shelves under prolonged loading, this study developed a 3D-printed shelf reinforcer using polyamide 6 (PA6) filament via fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. Initially, the bending performance of PA6 models was analysed under varying process parameters (infill structure, infill thickness, and extrusion flow rate) using the three-point bending method. Subsequently, the reinforcer was custom designed and 3D-printed according to the target shelf’s actual dimensions. Experimental results indicated that, among the three infill structures, the honeycomb infill structure exhibited the best bending performance, followed by the grid infill structure, and the line infill structure performed the worst. As infill thickness and extrusion flow rate increased, the bending performance of PA6 models progressively improved. The shelf reinforcer, 3D-printed with a honeycomb infill structure, 1.2 mm infill thickness, and 12 mm³/s extrusion flow rate, exhibited superior surface quality and achieved a tight fit with the shelf. This reinforcer effectively enhanced the shelf's bending performance and load-bearing capacity, extending the furniture's service life and providing practical reference for the rapid development of similar household items.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chen Wang, Hanyi Huang, Jiahao Yu
Influence of Resin Composition on the Performance of Composites Reinforced with Recovered Paper and Poultry Feathers
The influence of hybrid matrix composition was investigated relative to the mechanical properties of composite materials reinforced with poultry feathers and recovered paper. The matrix composition was modified by varying the proportion of natural dammar resin. The reinforcement remained the same across all formulations and was maintained at a constant 60% by weight in the composite, regardless of the matrix type. The materials were tested under tensile, compressive, and flexural loading, as well as for Shore D hardness and mechanical vibration behavior. It was found that increasing the dammar content enhanced the ductility of the material while reducing its fracture strength, regardless of the destructive testing method applied. In terms of hardness, a decrease was observed with higher dammar content. Additionally, in vibration analysis, an increase in the damping factor and a decrease in the natural frequency were noted as the dammar proportion increased. All these findings were statistically validated using a one-way ANOVA test.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cosmin Mihai Miritoiu, Adrian Sorin Roșca, Adriana Stăncuț
Enhanced Growth and Production of Laccase and Peroxidases by Pleurotus ostreatus in an Enriched Natural Medium in Submerged Fermentation
Pleurotus ostreatus is a wood-decaying fungus capable of producing key enzymes for lignin degradation. Laccase (Lcc), manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), and unspecific peroxygenase (UnP) activities of P. ostreatus grown on a wheat straw infusion medium enriched with malt extract and yeast extract (SMY) were studied. Growth kinetics and enzymatic parameters were also determined. Glucose medium was used as a control. The specific growth rate of P. ostreatus in SMY (0.62 h⁻¹) was more than twice as high as that shown in the control (0.24 h⁻¹). This fungus produced 5-fold higher biomass (15.7 g/L) in SMY medium than in the control (3 g/L). Lcc, MnP, LiP and UnP activities were approximately 67-,19-,11-, and 17-fold greater in SMY (3106, 4082, 1564, and 1883 U/L, respectively) than in the control (46, 213, 143, and 112 U/L respectively). P. ostreatus constitutively produced all the studied enzymes; however, the presence of wheat straw infusion components (i.e. phenolic compounds) in SMY enhanced the enzymes production. This is believed to be the first study to examine UnP production by P. ostreatus in an enriched natural medium. UnPs have been reported as promising enzymes for degradation of hazardous pollutants; however, there is still little information about their production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ariadna Denisse Andrade-Alvarado, Angel Gonzalez-Márquez, Rosario González-Mota , Carmen Sánchez
Gaseous Ozone Treatment of Wood: Effect of Treatment Conditions on the Wood Wettability and Phenol-formaldehyde Adhesive Bonding Strength
Findings of an earlier study, “Improving Wood Surface Wettability through Gas-phase Ozone Treatment of Air-dry Wood,” demonstrated that the wood gas-phase ozone treatment enhances the wettability of wood by water, and thus potentially also the spread, absorption, and adhesion of water-based adhesives and coatings to the wood surfaces. This study extends that work by examining the effect of ozone treatment temperature and the wood moisture content on the wettability of ozone treated wood and bonding strength of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive. In the present study, both air-dry and wetted birch plywood and veneer were ozone-treated at 23 °C, 35 °C, and 55 °C for 10 and 30 minutes. The amount of reacted ozone increased with higher treatment temperature and with an increase in the wood moisture content. However, the reduction in the water contact angle was more pronounced for air-dry wood. Bonding tests showed that the ozone treatments substantially increased the PF adhesive bonding strength, and the bonding strength correlated negatively with the ozone-treated birch veneer water contact angle. The results suggest that both the treatment temperature and moisture content of the wood during the treatment influenced the ozone reactions with wood, and thus on wood wettability and PF adhesive bonding strength (192 / max. 200).
Copyright (c) 2025 Antti Korpela, Kristiina Lillqvist, Lauri Rautkari, Anti Rohumaa, Tia Lohtander-Piispa, Hannes Orelma
Lipase Treatment for Pitch Control in Recycled Pulps: Application in a Duplex Board Mill
This study evaluated whether lipase enzymes could control pitch contamination in recycled pulps from a duplex board mill. The pitch contents of four recycled pulp types—old magazine paper (OMG), old book paper (OB), old newspaper (ONP), and old corrugated containers (OCC)—were analyzed using Sudan IV staining and image analysis of handsheets. The reaction times of lipase at varying dosages on pitch were monitored up to one hour under controlled conditions. The pitch contents, quantified in terms of total stained area and pitch-particle count, were substantially higher in OB and OCC than in ONP and OMG, with the latter showing the lowest contamination level. Lipase activity was most effective within the first 30 min. Thereafter, the pitch area reduction plateaued, and the larger aggregates fragmented, slightly increasing the particle count. It was inferred that a 30-min treatment time optimally balances efficiency and cost. Lipase treatment effectively reduced the pitch contents in both OMG and OCC pulps but was less efficient in OMG. The enzyme activity was apparently inhibited by the ink-derived compounds in OMG but was enhanced by the many lipase-accessible lipids in OCC, enabling a stronger, dose-dependent response. Lipase emerged as a promising biotechnological solution to pitch control in a duplex board mill.
Copyright (c) 2025 Min Seo Kim, Ji Hyun Tak, Ji Young Lee, Kyoung Sik Shin
Soy Protein Adhesives with Water and Heat Resistant, and Magnetic Properties via Micron/Nanometer Iron-based Particle Modification
The development of soybean meal (SM)-based adhesives with water resistance, heat tolerance, and magnetic-adsorbent functions is critical for expanding their applications as wood adhesives in hot and humid kitchen environments. A key goal is to enable magnetic storage systems such as knife holders and detachable shelves through localized adhesive application. However, the monofunctionality of existing bio-based adhesives limits their practical potential. In this study, micron-sized carbonyl iron powder (CIP) and nanoscale ferrosoferric oxide (Fe₃O₄) were introduced to confer multifunctionality to SM adhesives. Results indicated that the micron-scale dispersion of CIP markedly enhanced the heat resistance and wet-heat stability of SM adhesives through physical barrier effects, while optimizing magnetic attraction efficiency. In contrast, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles achieved rapid magnetic response at low additive levels due to their high saturation magnetization, though nano-aggregation caused a sharp viscosity increase. Scenario-based validation confirmed that CIP-modified adhesives exhibit excellent structural stability in hot and humid kitchen environments, and they could withstand steam exposure, and retain magnetic adsorption properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jiawen Cao, Chen Chen, Wei Xu
Harnessing Chitosan and Chitosan Phosphate in vitro to Combat Fungal Spoilage in Vegetables through Molecular Docking Interaction Mechanisms
Chitosan (CH) is a natural, biodegradable polymer derived from chitin. It is known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Three fungal pathogens—Mucor circinelloides, Cladosporium herbarum, and Aspergillus niger—were isolated from decayed cucumbers. The CH and chitosan phosphate inhibited fungal growth in a concentration-dependent manner. The chitosan phosphate exhibited superior antifungal activity, achieving up to 84.2% inhibition at 2.75% (w/v). M. circinelloides was more sensitive than C. herbarum and A. niger. The CH was investigated for its antifungal potential via molecular docking against key protein targets from three pathogenic fungi: M. circinelloides (PDB: 6VRX), C. herbarum (PDB: 7KQV), and A. niger (PDB: 1GAL). Using MOE 2019 software, docking scores and interaction profiles were analyzed. Chitosan exhibited the most favorable binding affinity towards M. circinelloides with a docking score of -7.81 kcal/mol, followed by C. herbarum protein (PDB: 7KQV; -6.78 kcal/mol) and A. niger protein (PDB: 1GAL; -6.62 kcal/mol). Hydrogen bonding dominated the interactions, with critical residues including ASP 80 (6VRX), GLU 190 (7KQV), and ASP 416 (1GAL). These results suggest chitosan phosphate’s potential as a broad-spectrum antifungal agent targeting essential fungal enzymes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Ibrahim Alghonaim, Sulaiman A. Alsalamah, Alia Al-Alfard, Abeer Mahmoud Mohammad , Areej Mothana, Ali Fageehi
A Comparative Study of the Chemical Compositions of Heartwood and Sapwood in Erythrophleum fordii
The chemical composition, lignin structure, and extractive profiles of sapwood and heartwood were studied for 18-year-old Erythrophleum fordii trees to elucidate their chemical disparities and potential for high-value utilization. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were higher in sapwood than in heartwood. In contrast, heartwood exhibited significantly higher ash content, moisture content, and yields of various extractives, along with greater acidity. FTIR spectroscopy revealed SG-type lignin in both sapwood and heartwood, dominated by syringyl units. Heartwood formation did not alter the fundamental lignin structure but increased its condensation degree and reduced the characteristic hemicellulose absorbance. Notably, the heartwood was the primary site for bioactive constituent enrichment, with total phenolic and flavonoid contents (19.9 mg GAE/g DW and 36.5 mg RE/g DW, respectively) 4.3 and 5.6 times higher than those in sapwood. GC-MS analysis further showed that heartwood extractives were rich in terpenoids and sterols (e.g., vitamin E, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol), compounds known for their antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, and pharmaceutical properties. These findings underscore the potential of E. fordii heartwood for developing functional natural products and as a source of pharmaceutical raw materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heng Liu, Baoguo Yang, Zhilin Jiang, Jixin Tang, Dongcheng Chen, Jian Hao, Xiaoran Deng, Lili Li
Sound Analyses of a Japanese Traditional Stringed Instrument of Okinawa: The Shamisen
The shamisen is a three-stringed, plucked instrument that is used in a variety of genres, including folk music and kabuki theater. A PicoScope was used to obtain the signals from the shamisen. Open strings 1 and 2 exhibited discontinuities in the sequence of ascending notes. On string 1, B5 at fret 11 unexpectedly drops to C5 (instead of C6) at fret 12. On string 2, C6 at fret 17 drops to C♯5 (instead of C♯6) at fret 18. String 3 presented a continuous progression, ranging from C4 up to A5. The abrupt shifts from B5 to C5 and C6 to C♯5 on string 1 and 2 respectively results from the traditional Japanese approach to tuning (musicians emphasize relative intonation instead of conforming to equal-tempered pitch systems). Certain pitches may not hold functional significance within the melodic or harmonic framework, and their omission or alteration is consistent with historical performance practice. The variations in pitch captured in PicoScope data represent authentic outcomes of the shamisen’s culturally rooted tuning system and performance aesthetics. The PicoScope displayed the fundamental frequency one octave higher than the perceived pitch, while the gradient of the plotted partials frequency curves confirmed alignment with the actual sounding pitch.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sinin Hamdan, Aaliyawani Ezzerin Sinin, Khairul Anwar Mohamad Said, Ahmad Faudzi Musib, Ezra Alfandy M. Duin
Experimental Study on the Thermal Performance of a Counterflow Wet Cooling Tower with Bamboo Woven Packing
Bamboo packing has been found to be a superior alternative to plastic packing for cooling towers, but traditional bamboo grid packing comprises numerous components, resulting in high production costs and low production efficiency. Therefore, a novel structured bamboo woven packing was designed in this study. The bamboo woven packing consisted solely of bamboo strips, which simplified the production process. The thermal performance of bamboo packing was systematically investigated. The results indicated that increasing the inlet air velocity and gas-liquid ratio enhanced the cooling water range and cooling efficiency, whereas a higher water drenching density had the opposite effect. The pressure drop increased upon increasing the inlet air velocity and water drenching density, while the influence of the gas-liquid ratio on pressure drop did not exhibit a discernible trend. A comparative analysis of the thermal performance of cooling towers utilizing bamboo woven packing and bamboo grid packing was also conducted under identical experimental conditions. The results showed that the cooling tower with bamboo woven packing exhibited a higher air velocity, a lower outlet water temperature, and superior cooling efficiency. Consequently, the newly designed bamboo woven packing outperformed traditional bamboo grid packing in terms of structural design, manufacturing process, and thermal performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisheng Chen; Jiawei Kang; Meiling Chen, Caiping Lian, Jiping Lu, Tengfei Wang, Xiaohui Yang, Xinxin Ma
Biomass-based Bilayer Film Derived from Corn Starch and Polylactic Acid for Banana Packaging
Biomass-based materials have the potential to protect fruits and meet environmental requirements when applied to fruit packaging. However, their mechanical properties and barrier properties are insufficient compared with plastic packaging, which limits their application. In this study, a high-barrier bilayer film derived from corn starch (CS) and polylactic acid (PLA) was applied for banana pulp preservation. Results indicated that the bilayer film exhibited good barrier performance. The water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability of bilayer films were lower than that of pure CS or PLA film. In the 3 days preservation experiment, the weight loss of banana pulp packaged by CS/PLA bilayer film at ratio of 15:45 was the lowest (1.36%), while the pH and firmness of banana pulp packaged by this ratio bilayer film were the largest, reflecting that the bilayer film could effectively delay the oxidation and deterioration of banana pulp. Moreover, the CS/PLA bilayer film was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, which also evidenced that PLA could provide better mechanical strength and barrier properties, and CS had hydrophilic and biodegradable potential. In conclusion, it is feasible to combine CS and PLA to prepare the bilayer films. The study is beneficial to promote the development and application of eco-friendly bio-based packaging film.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zheng Cheng, Mei Ning, Xinmei Nong, Wenhua Gao, Naiyu Xiao, Honglei Wang, Xueqin Zhang, Le Zhong, Qianbin Mo, Yunyun Zhong
Colorimetric Evaluation of Callus with Embryogenic Potential and Biomass Accumulation in the Woody Medicinal Plant Polyalthia bullata Suspension Culture
Identifying embryogenic callus in plant tissue culture, particularly in woody species, such as Polyalthia bullata, is often hindered by its morphological similarity to non-embryogenic callus. This study introduced a rapid, cost-effective colorimetric method using the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assay to evaluate embryogenic callus induction in P. bullata via cell suspension culture. Suspension cultures were established using 30 µM dicamba in combination with varying concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ: 2 to 10 µM). Among the treatments, 30 µM dicamba with 8 µM TDZ induced the highest biomass and a distinct yellowish green callus morphology, typically associated with embryogenic potential. The TTC assay confirmed high cell viability, with red staining indicating elevated metabolic activity in embryogenic cultures. These findings validate the TTC assay as an efficient proxy for embryogenic callus detection, providing a valuable alternative to labor-intensive histological or molecular methods. This approach enhances tissue culture protocols for this woody medicinal plant, supporting its large-scale propagation, biomass productivity, and conservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nancy Novmia Marianyagam, Munirah Adibah Kamarul Zaman, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme
Influence of Sleeping Posture on Zoned Mattress for Wood-based Furniture
Zoned mattresses for wood-based furniture have been influenced by the sleeping posture of the human body. Due to the different weights of various parts of the human body, lying on the mattress for wood-based furniture with uniform elasticity for a long time can cause illness. Therefore, dividing the mattress into different zones provides an effective solution for improving sleep quality. Herein, this work examined the impact of division size on a five-zone mattress on subject posture in various sleeping positions. Compared with conventional wood-based furniture structures, which often lack flexibility in localized support, the zoned mattress demonstrated superior adaptability in accommodating body contours. The results of the subsidence test suggested that the elastic distribution of the selected mattress was appropriate. The spinal positioning point indicated minimal impact of the size of the zone on the spinal curve of a supine position. Furthermore, the results of the body pressure distribution test revealed a significant influence of the zoning dimensions of the zone on the overall maximum pressure exerted on the human body, reaching up to 12.2 KPa. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights into designing zoned mattresses for wood-based furniture that accommodate human sleep posture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qian Wei, Jian-hao Peng, Xiao-wen Wei; Xiao-ci Hong; Yan-ni Sun; Xiu-zhen Lin; Yuding Zhu, Wen-kai Zhu
Development of Water-Repellent Jute Fabric as a Sustainable Solution for Bag Production
This study explored a sustainable solution for creating water-repellent jute fabrics as an eco-friendly alternative to plastic-based shopping bags. After treating jute fibers to a mixture of the agents NUVA N2114 (fluorinated acrylate copolymer), Acetic Acid, and Arkophob DAN (polycarbodiimide-based crosslinking agent), a fabric that repellent water and preserving the natural texture was developed. The fabrics after the treatment passed the spraying test with good results, thus offering a great prospect in the realistic application of the concept of the environmentally friendly textile products. Besides enhancing the application of jute, this study also fosters local farming and green options in the global material sector. It is a small step toward greener choices, using the strength of natural fibers to meet modern needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mokhlesur M. Rahman, Kristy Gourab Sinha, Md. Ashiqur Rahman Alif, Md Shamim Hassan, Mohamad Faiz Bin Mohd, Ashfaqur Rahat Siddique, M. M. Zubaer, Wan Mohd Norsani Wan Nik
Respiratory Toxicity of Cupressus sempervirens Essential Oil from Two Different Habitats Against Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella) and Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)
Environmental and health concerns associated with synthetic pesticides have intensified the search for effective botanical alternatives. This study investigated the insecticidal properties of essential oils derived from Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) leaves collected from two distinct habitats in Iran (Rudbar and Hasanabad Chalous) against the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hübner) and the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). Essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS, revealing 22 and 24 compounds in the Rudbar and Hasanabad oils, respectively, with α-pinene as the dominant component in both. The respiratory toxicity was assessed through probit analysis, calculating both LC50 and LT50 values. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between oil concentration and mortality. Notably, the efficacy was both habitat-dependent and species-specific. The Rudbar essential oil was significantly more potent and faster-acting against P. interpunctella (LC50 = 96.65 µL/L; LT50 = 12.1 h), whereas the Hasanabad oil was more effective against T. molitor (LC50 = 130.90 µL/L; LT50 = 11.8 h). This differential toxicity is linked to their distinct chemical profiles. This study confirms that the habitat of C. sempervirens critically influences the chemical composition and resultant insecticidal activity of its essential oil, highlighting its potential for developing targeted, selective pest control strategies for specific stored-product pests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Somayeh Nazirzadeh, Vilma Bayramzadeh, Farahnaz Khalighi-Sigaroodi, Leila Pourhosseini, Sayed Khosrow HossinAshrafi
Improving Properties of Wood-plastic Composites with High-density Reinforcements under Water Immersion
Effects of high-density agricultural by-product fillers, coconut shell flour (CSF), and palm kernel shell flour (PKSF) were investigated relative to the physical and mechanical properties after water immersion of wood-plastic composites (WPCs), compared to conventional rubberwood flour (RWF). The WPCs were fabricated with filler contents of 30, 40, and 50 wt% and subjected to long-term water immersion for 8 weeks. Morphological analyses revealed that CSF and PKSF particles exhibited denser and more angular structures than RWF, thereby enhancing filler-matrix interfacial compatibility. Mechanical testing showed that modulus of rupture decreased with increasing filler content while modulus of elasticity increased, and RWF composites yielded the highest initial strength. Under prolonged water exposure, CSF-filled composites exhibited the lowest degradation in flexural strength, screw withdrawal resistance, hardness, and surface quality, which can be attributed to CSF’s high lignin content and structural compactness. Further, RWF-filled composites showed the most considerable deterioration. Water absorption and thickness swelling were lowest in CSF composites, confirming superior dimensional stability. These findings underscore the potential of CSF and PKSF as sustainable reinforcements to improve WPC durability in moist environments, supporting circular material utilization from agricultural residues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sriwan Khamtree, Santi Khamtree, Chainarong Srivabut, Uraiwan Sookyung, Tanetpon Chookham, Pruttipong Pantamanatsopa , Chatree Homkhiew
Effect of Cellulose Nanofibrils in Direct Melt-Blending of Poly-(Lactic Acid) and Poly(Butylene Succinate) for 3D-Printing
Biopolymers, especially poly(lactic acid) (PLA), have been among major 3D-printing materials, particularly for fused deposition modelling (FDM) techniques. Blending of PLA with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) can enhance toughness. The blend can be reinforced by the addition cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), which has been rarely studied. A 1% solution of CNF was added to PLA/PBS with ratio of 70:30 directly during melt-blending into 3D-printing filament, which was fed into a FDM 3D printer. Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed successful integration of CNF fillers with more hydroxyl group availability in the composite. The degree of crystallinity of PLA, however, was decreased by addition of CNF fillers. This was also evident by the X-ray diffraction analysis, probably due to reduced chain mobility by entanglement effect. Mechanical performance of the printed samples was studied at 23 °C and at slightly elevated temperature of 40 °C, which revealed improved modulus and elongation stability at 40 °C in PLA/PBS-CNF1% composite. Water absorption study also revealed 50% enhancement with addition of CNF fillers, indicating improved water penetration, which could be beneficial for biodegradability. With good mechanical stability at around 40 °C and good water penetration, PLA/PBS-CNF1% composite could be beneficial in 3D-printing for biomedical application and water treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Alif Fitri Hanipa, Siti Aisyah Syazwani Zaidi, Wan Hafizi Wan Ishak , Mohd Shaiful Sajab
The Bioenhanced Effect of Biochar-Based Aerobic Denitrifying Bacteria on a Sequencing Batch Reactor under Different Stress Conditions
Biochar-based aerobic denitrifying functional bacteria (BADB) have the advantages of excellent biochar adsorption performance and high nitrogen removal efficiency. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was employed to explore the impacts of various stress conditions on the pollutant removal efficiency and metabolic pathways of BADB. Additionally, the adaptation mechanisms and response patterns of functional bacteria under different stress conditions were revealed. The structure of the microbial community was analyzed through high-throughput sequencing. The research results indicated that aerobic denitrification bacteria had good growth and nitrate removal performance under various conditions. Aeration rate exhibited positive relationship with denitrification efficiency, and the effect was enhanced when the ion concentration increased. Carbon source type significantly influenced the denitrification efficiency of functional bacteria, among which sodium acetate showed the best effect. Within the appropriate C/N ratio range, greater amounts of carbon led to higher denitrification efficacies of functional bacteria. Sequencing results revealed the key role of Brachymonas in organic degradation and denitrification process, with a percentage of 13.9% in the system. This study can provide a reference for the optimization and utilization of biochar-based aerobic denitrification technology, which is of great significance for improving the quality of water environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peng Xu, Jianyang Song, Huimin Yao, Xiaowen Tang, Fangyi Qian, Tongtong Lin, Xinfang Yuan
The Yangqin: Acoustical Study of a Chinese Dulcimer
A yangqin is a musical instrument that is played by striking it with handled hammers. The sound signals were captured using a PicoScope oscilloscope which enabled waveform viewing, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), spectrum visualization, and voltage-based triggering. The progression from the bass bridge to the treble bridge is as follows: (G2, A2, B2, C3, D3, E3), (D3, E3, F3, G3, A3, B3), (C4, D4, E4), (F4, G4, A4, B4), (C5, D5, E5) (F5, G5, A5, B5), and (C6, D6, E6). Courses 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 have 3 strings, where courses 1, 4, and 5 have 3 harmonics, whereas courses 3, 6, and 7 have only 2 harmonics. Courses 2, 8, and 9 has 2 strings only, where course 2 has 4 harmonics whereas course 8 and 9 only has only 2 harmonics. The gradient (m) of the equation from frequency versus partial number from the tenor bridge do not fit any of the fundamental frequency (f­0). The difference (d=f0-m) between m and f0 is due to the number of partials which are not harmonic overtones. Due to the inharmonic overtones, the deviation (D=d/f0) ranges from 6% (course no 6) to 70% (course no 7).
Copyright (c) 2025 Aaliyawani Ezzerin Sinin, Sinin Hamdan, Chu Ying Jia, Khairul Anwar Mohamad Said, Ahmad Faudzi Musib
Modeling and Optimization of Phenolic Extraction from Arachis hypogaea L.’s Skin Using Response Surface Approach
Peanut skin, a polyphenol-rich agro-residue, constitutes a promising renewable source of natural antioxidants for food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the extraction of total polyphenol content (TPC) as a function of temperature, ethanol concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, and extraction time. The TPC was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the developed quadratic model was statistically significant (F = 40.74, R² = 0.98), indicating an adequate fit. Ethanol concentration and extraction time exerted the most pronounced effects, with significant quadratic and interaction terms. The optimal extraction conditions ( approximately 55 °C, 30% ethanol, 160 min) yielded extracts with high phenolic recovery and moderate antioxidant capacity (IC50 ranged from 120 to 150 µg/mL, DPPH assay). The results validated RSM model is a reliable tool for optimizing polyphenol recovery from peanut skin. Additionally, it also highlights the potential of peanut skin valorization as a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for producing natural antioxidants, contributing to the circular bioeconomy and industrial exploitation of agricultural residues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luyen Thi Nguyen, Uyen Thu Nguyen, Giang Hoang Do, Duong Thuy Hoang, Le Thi Nhat Bui, Minh Thi Thu Nguyen, Dat Tien Nguyen
Chemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Methanol Extracts and Essential Oils from Ferulago platycarpa Boiss. & Balansa (Endemic): Enzyme Inhibition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties
This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Ferulago platycarpa methanol extract (ME) and essential oil (EO). The EO was obtained via hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS, revealing sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the dominant class, with caryophyllene (65.8%) and α-pinene (9.65%) as the major constituents. The methanol extract was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis, which identified eleven phenolic compounds, with chlorogenic acid as the most abundant. The extract showed significantly higher total phenolic (1196.22±11.64 mg GAE/100g) and antioxidant (1870.00±17.69 mg QEE/100g) contents compared to the ME. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated that the methanol extract exhibited potent inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II, IC₅₀=0.023 µg/mL), acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC₅₀=110 µg/mL), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC₅₀=390 µg/mL). In contrast, the EO showed higher inhibition against α-amylase (IC₅₀=5920±10.45 µg/mL) and BChE (IC₅₀=1.32±0.65 µg/mL), while its α-glucosidase showed no inhibition. Antioxidant assays indicated superior activity for the methanol extract compared to the EO. Furthermore, antimicrobial testing revealed that the EO demonstrated broader and more effective antimicrobial action, exhibiting lower MIC and MBC values against several bacterial and fungal strains. Collectively, these results highlight F. platycarpa as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with promising applications in antidiabetic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 İmdat Aygül, Mehmet Öz, Muhammed Said Fidan, Cemalettin Baltacı, Osman Akmeşe, Abdurrahman Sefalı
How Live-Streaming E-Commerce Shapes Green Furniture Purchase Intentions: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
This study investigated how live-streaming e-commerce influences consumers’ purchase intentions toward green furniture. Using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework and the Sheth–Newman–Gross consumer value model, the study examined how key live-streaming features—interactivity, utility, and harmony—affect consumer perceptions. Survey data from 510 Chinese consumers were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results show that these features significantly enhanced green product utility perception and environmental self-responsibility, which both positively impact purchase intention. Additionally, consumer green trust negatively moderated these effects. These findings suggest that when green trust is low, consumers are more likely to rely on functional and emotional value perceptions to guide their purchasing decisions. The study provides new insights into green furniture marketing in digital contexts, emphasizing the need to balance rational and emotional appeals in live-streaming strategies. It contributes to the sustainable consumption literature by focusing on a high-involvement product and offers practical guidance for improving the effectiveness of green product promotion through interactive platforms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shulan Yu, Ruiqi Chen, Pengcheng Xu, Donglin Li, Lu Zhang
Analysis of 3D Printing Process Parameters and Applications for Wood-plastic Composite Filaments
To enhance the forming quality of wood-plastic composite (WPC) models manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing, particularly in terms of surface quality and mechanical properties, this study analysed the 3D printing process parameters (layer height, extrusion ratio, and printing speed) for WPC filaments. Through surface roughness and tensile property tests, the optimal combination of process parameters for achieving the best forming quality was determined. Based on the optimized parameters, FFF technology and WPC filament were applied to practice 3D printing of wooden crafts. Experimental results showed that as the layer height decreases, extrusion ratio increases, and printing speed decreases, both the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) and average maximum height (Rz) of the WPC models decreased, leading to a significant improvement in surface quality. Concurrently, the mechanical properties of the WPC models were enhanced due to the increase in ultimate strength and elongation at break. Under the process conditions of 0.1 mm layer height, 110% extrusion ratio, and 20 mm/s printing speed, the printed wooden bowl and spoon exhibited excellent surface quality and favorable mechanical properties, providing a valuable reference for the application of 3D printing in the rapid fabrication of wooden crafts.
Tuning APTES Silanization Window in PLA/Cellulose Nanofiber Biocomposites: Optimizing Interfacial Adhesion, Mechanical Strength, and Thermal Stability
Polylactic acid (PLA) is limited by inherent brittleness and poor thermal stability, hindering its engineering applications. This study systematically investigated cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) silanized with 3- aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) at mass ratios of 2:1 (R5) and 4:1 (R7), incorporated into PLA at 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt% levels. Unmodified 1.0 wt% CNFs (R2) enhanced impact strength (10.15 ± 0.50 kJ·m⁻²) via pull-out toughening. Moderate silanization (R5) improved interfacial adhesion, achieving balanced tensile strength (50.2 ± 1.4 MPa), modulus (321 ± 16 MPa), and elongation (5.0 ± 0.2%). Stronger silanization (R7) increased modulus (545 ± 26 MPa) but reduced elongation (4.04 ± 0.18%), inducing brittleness. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed reduced hydroxyl groups and Si–O–Si/Si–O–C bond formations. Uniform interphases were observed in R5, while R7 exhibited voids and heterogeneity in scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed higher onset (Tonset 352 ± 2 °C) and maximum decomposition (Tmax 360 ± 2 °C) temperatures for R5 compared to R2 (335 ± 2 °C, 342 ± 2 °C). This study validates an "optimized silanization window" (2:1 ratio), enabling simultaneous enhancements in stiffness, toughness, and thermal stability for sustainable PLA/ CNFs biocomposites, suitable for industrially compostable packaging and biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramtin Ghorbanpour, Seyed Eshagh Ebadi, Valiullah Moosavi, Mojtaba Soltani, Mohsen Saffari
Using Recyclable Deep Eutectic Solvents with Wheat Straw to Produce Lignin-Based Nanocomposites
This study presents an integrated “deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted directed depolymerization and in situ nanoparticle synthesis” strategy for wheat straw refining. A recyclable DES composed of choline chloride/lactic acid (ChCl /LA, 1:2) was employed to fractionate lignocellulose while maintaining solvent activity through in situ pH regulation. Dropwise addition of 5 to 10 fresh DES droplets effectively reconstructed the hydrogen-bond network, reducing lignin retention from 18.4% to 13.6% and extending DES recyclability from two to four cycles. The extracted lignin was directly used for the in situ synthesis of lignin-derived silver nanoparticles (LigAg NPs) through reduction of [Ag(NH3)2]+ , yielding uniform particles (320 ± 15 nm) with 67% higher surface area (18.7 m²/g) than those from alkali lignin. The LigAg NPs formed a strong hydrogen-bonded interface with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), enhancing composite modulus and reducing energy dissipation (21%). This work establishes a mechanistically guided, recyclable DES route for hierarchical utilization–material creation–circular regeneration of lignocellulosic biomass.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hongzhi Ma, Tao Yu, Penglu Fu, Jian Yang, Weihong Chen, Baochuan Qi, Dan Feng, Dayi Qian
Dual-Pathway Glyoxal–Peptide Reaction Mechanisms under Acidic and Alkaline Conditions for Camellia oleifera Protein-based Adhesive Performance Optimization
The pH-mediated regulation of the glyoxal-dipeptide reaction pathway was systematically investigated via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy. The resulting mechanistic insights were then applied to optimize Camellia oleifera protein-based adhesive performance. Under alkaline conditions, glyoxal undergoes an intramolecular Cannizzaro reaction, where one aldehyde group is reduced to an alcohol hydroxyl group, and the other aldehyde group is oxidized to a carboxyl group, resulting in the salt form of glycolic acid (HOCH₂COO-). Glycolic acid enables extensive cross-linking via bifunctional, cooperative condensation with peptide amino and amide groups. A critical pH threshold of 11 was established for this process. In contrast, under acidic conditions, intramolecular cyclization of glyoxal to cyclic ether structures was observed. Simultaneously, the dipeptide’s aliphatic amino groups were protonated and inactivated, leaving only weakly nucleophilic amide groups available for reaction, which led to a significant reduction in overall efficiency. When applied to these adhesives, bond strength was shown to exhibit a distinct pH dependency. In the glyoxal-only system, a bond strength of 0.76 MPa was attained at pH 11, corresponding to a ~65% increase relative to acidic conditions. For the melamine-glyoxal modification, this value was further optimized to 0.95 MPa at pH 13, a result ascribed to the synergistic cross-linking effect of the triazine ring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jiankun Liang, Yuqi Yang, Ningyuan Zuo, Qiuli Li, Zhixian Song, Caihong Long, Yulan Jian, Zhigang Wu
Ficus religiosa Fruits-mediated Synthesis of CeO2 Nanoparticles and CeO₂/CuO Nanocomposites: Structural Insights and Antimicrobial Efficacy
A novel, simple, and inexpensive technique, chemical coprecipitation, was employed to produce CeO2 nanoparticles and CeO2/CuO nanocomposite. It entailed reacting dehydrated metal nitrate salts with an aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa. The CeO2 and CeO2/CuO solids were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The diffraction peaks of the CeO2 and CeO2/CuO revealed cubic and monoclinic structures, respectively, with average crystallite sizes of 20.5 and 26.8 nm, based on the XRD data. TEM examinations show that the mean sizes of CeO2 and CeO2/CuO particles were (39.8 and 66.5 nm, respectively). These results imply negligible agglomeration. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of CeO2/CuO nanocomposite and CeO₂/CuO NPs against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The nanocomposite exhibited superior activity, producing larger inhibition zones (Bacillus subtilis: 26 mm; Candida albicans: 28 mm) compared to CeO₂ NPs and the standard drugs ciprofloxacin (as antibiotic) and nystatin (as antifungal). MIC and MBC/MFC assays confirmed stronger potency, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans. Time–kill kinetics revealed complete eradication of B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae within 180 min, while partial survival occurred in S. aureus and S. typhi. Both materials were inactive against Aspergillus niger, indicating selective but potent antimicrobial effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed K. Nagshabandi, Samy Selim , Mohammed H. Alruhaili, Hattan S. Gattan, Tarek M. Abdelghany, Mohamed Abdel-Aal Amin
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bark and Wood Extracts from Taxodium distichum L.
The chemical composition and bioactivities were studied for hydroethanolic extracts from Taxodium distichum L. bark (TDB) and wood (TDW) samples harvested in Ramsar, Northern Iran. The TDW extract showed higher antioxidant activity (30.7%) compared to the TDB extract (10.5%) at the same concentration (1000 µg/mL), indicating a richer redox-active profile in wood tissues. The TDB extracts exhibited higher efficacy in antimicrobial tests, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) values against Staphylococcus aureus of 500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Surprisingly, the MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of TDB extract against Candida albicans were 7.81 and 31.2 µg/mL, respectively. The TDW extract had no antibacterial activity but showed fungicidal activity at 7.81 µg/mL against C. albicans. These differences indicate that the TDB extract is more potent against microbial pathogens, while the TDW extract offers superior antioxidant potential. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 22,23-dihydro-stigmasterol (15.9%) in TDB extract and γ-sitosterol (15.3%) in TDW extract as the major compounds. The combined findings underscore the therapeutic relevance of T. distichum bark and wood extracts as natural sources of bioactive compounds with possible applications in antimicrobial and antioxidant formulations for pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyyed Khalil HosseiniHashemi, Sayed Khosrow HossinAshrafi, Hadi Baseri, Mehrnoush Kelkian, Zohreh Shafighi, Jakia Jerin Mehjabin
Bioconversion of Breadfruit Starch to Citric Acid by Fungus Aspergillus niger: A Microbial Fermentation Parameter Optimization Investigation
Starch hydrolysate from breadfruit was used as the sole carbon source for citric acid (CA) biosynthesis by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger under surface fermentation conditions. The process was modeled and optimized by examining the influence of four critical factors: Starch hydrolysate concentration ranging from 50 to 100 g/L, medium pH between 3 and 6, nitrogen source comprising of (NH4)2HPO4​ or NaNO3, and fermentation time from 1 to 7 days, on CA concentration. The results demonstrated that A. niger efficiently metabolized the hydrolysate, achieving a maximum CA concentration of 14.7 g/L after 7 days of fermentation. Statistical modeling predicted the optimal production conditions as a starch hydrolysate concentration of 50 g/L, pH of 5.4, (NH4)2HPO4​ as the nitrogen source, and a fermentation duration of 7 days. Under these conditions, the predicted CA concentration was 14.7 g/L, which was validated experimentally. Additionally, the process yielded 2.02 g/L of biomass and 15.2 g/L of reducing sugars. This study underscores the potential of breadfruit as a low-cost and sustainable substrate for CA biosynthesis. Applying response surface methodology with D-Optimal design proved effective in optimizing process variables and enhancing production efficiency. These findings provide a framework for developing cost-efficient and scalable fermentation processes, particularly in regions with abundant breadfruit resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eriola Betiku, Habeeb O. Ayinla, Oluwatobi A. Oguntunde, Lekan M. Latinwo
Chemical Profiling of Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica Rech. f. (Endemic) Essential Oils and their Methanol Extracts with Evaluation as Enzyme Inhibitors, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Agents
Enzyme inhibition activities, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activities, and chemical components of essential oil and methanol extracts obtained from the aerial parts of S. cretica subsp. anatolica were investigated. The main phenolic compounds of aerial parts were catechin, oleuropein, and epicatechin. The determined enzyme inhibitor activities highlight the potential of S. cretica subsp. anatolica as a source of bioactive compounds, particularly for carbonic anhydrase and cholinesterase inhibition. The essential oil and methanol extract exhibited remarkable activities against CA-II, AChE, and BChE, although they were less potent than standard inhibitors. The essential oils generally showed stronger antimicrobial activity compared to the 30% methanol extracts across most bacterial and fungal strains, as evidenced by minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and larger inhibition zones. Chloramphenicol used alone exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficacy, with the lowest MIC and MLC values and the largest inhibition zones. The essential oils of S. cretica subsp. anatolica were determined as esters, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and aldehydes in aerial parts. The main components were found to be hexahydrofarnesyl acetone in the aerial parts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehmet Öz, Muhammed Said Fidan, Cemalettin Baltacı, Osman Akmeşe, Abdurrahman Sefalı, İmdat Aygül
Waste Tetra Pak and Wood Shavings Composites: Flame Retardant Modification
This study aimed to achieve the value-added utilization of waste Tetra Pak (WTP) and to alleviate the shortage of wood resources by partially replacing wood shavings with WTP and using phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) to prepare composites. Flame-retardant modification was conducted by introducing single additives-boric acid/borax (BA/Brx), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT)-as well as the combined systems (BA/Brx/APP, BA/Brx/DOT, and BA/Brx/APP/DOT). Their effects on flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and thermal stability were investigated. It was found that all six systems improved flame retardancy, among which the DOT-modified composite specimen (Z3) achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 34.3%, representing a 25.6% increase compared with the control composite specimen (Z0), reaching the flame-retardant grade. The mechanical properties of Z3 met the requirements of GB/T 4897 (2015) for general particleboard. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the flame retardants interacted with the matrix through hydrogen bonding and functional composite specimen reactions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showed that the char yield of Z3 reached 32.0%, which was 4.16 times higher than that of the control composite specimen, indicating a significant improvement in thermal stability. This study provides a feasible pathway for WTP recycling and the preparation of flame-retardant composites.
Copyright (c) 2025 Xiao Wang, Hui Li, Chenyang Li, Lili Yu, Yongjie Bao, Juan Ji, Songting He
Mechanical and Physicochemical Characterization of Wood Materials Produced from Larix decidua and Pinus sylvestris L. Tree Species
This study focused on mechanical and physicochemical characterization of wood materials produced from Larix decidua and P. sylvestris L. species. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were employed to examine the structure, chemical bonding, and surface morphology. Mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elasticity, were evaluated to assess durability and potential applications. The results revealed considerable differences in the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the two species, underscoring their distinct suitability for specific industrial applications. L. decidua exhibited superior mechanical performance compared to P. sylvestris L., with higher bending strength (90.5 N/mm²), compressive strength parallel to the grain (42.1 N/mm²), and density (0.62 g/cm³). Moreover, L. decidua showed greater resistance to decay under outdoor weather conditions compared to P. sylvestris L. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential uses of these wood species in construction, furniture production, and other industries requiring durable and versatile natural materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hikmet Yazici, Saadettin Murat Onat
Effects of Heat Treatment on Some Physical and Acoustic Properties of Wood Species
The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of heat treatment on air-dried density, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), porosity, average surface roughness (Ra), sound transmission loss, and sound absorption coefficient of poplar (Populus nigra L.) and beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) woods. Specimens were exposed to four different temperature levels, namely 150 °C, 170 °C, 190 °C, and 210 °C, for 3 h. The sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss of test samples were determined in the frequency range of 63 Hz to 6300 Hz using an impedance tube. It was found that the density, EMC, and average surface roughness values of samples decreased with the heat treatment temperature. In contrast, as the heat treatment temperature increased, porosity of samples increased. The sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss of both wood species increased with the heat treatment temperature. The average sound absorption coefficients of untreated and heat-treated poplar samples were approximately 0.16 and 0.18; whereas for beech wood the corresponding values were approximately 0.15 and 0.16. The average sound transmission losses of untreated and treated poplar were approximately 22.7 and 24.0 dB, for the untreated and treated beech samples were 17.3 and 20.7 dB respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hüseyin Yeşil, Oğuzhan Uzun, Osman Perçin
Fire Resistance of Olive Leaf Panels with Fire Retardant Coatings: Preliminary Findings
Olive tree pruning waste represents a significant agricultural byproduct in Mediterranean regions. It can be regarded as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative resource to other traditional materials for buildings. It is necessary to evaluate the flammability of these materials, according to building regulations. In this preliminary study, several fire-retardant coatings were applied to the materials obtained from olive leaves mixed with a natural adhesive. The coatings included cement-based layers, hydraulic lime, gypsum plaster, intumescent varnishes containing phosphate-based compounds, and graphene-based paints. Treated samples were subjected to flame spread tests to determine their fire resistance properties according to Standard EN ISO 11925-2. The potential of using olive leaves waste as a building material when combined with appropriate fire-retardant coatings is highlighted. The findings suggest that such treatments contribute to mitigating fires and promote the sustainable use of agricultural byproducts in buildings. By applying the coatings, the fire resistance increases significantly compared to untreated samples. The ceramic coatings provided the highest level of protection by reducing the flame spread rate and increasing the time to ignition. Additionally, the treated samples exhibited increased char formation, reducing heat transfer, and delaying combustion. Further research is recommended to optimize the formulations and application methods for large-scale implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ernesto Juliá Sanchis, Isaac Montava Belda, Jorge Segura Alcaraz, José María Gadea Borrell
Tensile, Edgewise Bending, Flatwise Bending, and Non-Destructive Evaluations of Visually Graded Fir Boards
Tensile, edgewise, and flatwise bending behaviors of visually graded fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmuelleriana) boards were investigated through destructive and non-destructive testing to evaluate their mechanical performance and grading accuracy. A total of 724 specimens were prepared and tested in accordance with EN 408 standards. Knot diameter ratios (narrow, mean, and parallel) were used to establish three visual grading methods. Vibration-based (PLG, Hitman) and time of flight (ToF) (Microsecond Timer, Ultrasonic Timer, and Sylvatest Duo) techniques were used for non-destructive evaluation (NDE), along with screw withdrawal tests. The results showed that although the vibration method had lower dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd) values ​​than the ToF method, it provided stronger correlations with tensile and bending properties. The mean and parallel knot diameter ratios provided more reliable grading results than the narrow ratio. Tensile strength was more affected by defects than bending strength, and the flatwise bending method consistently produced the highest strength values. The adjustment from global to local MOE reduced modulus values below 9000 MPa, resulting in lower strength class assignments. Overall, the vibration-based NDE method proved the most effective for predicting lumber quality, and the flatwise bending test emerged as a viable alternative to tension and edge bending methods for structural grading.
Design and 3D Printing of Reinforcement Connectors for Mortise and Tenon Joints in Solid Wood Chairs
To address the loosening of mortise and tenon joints in solid wood chairs caused by prolonged use and wood expansion and contraction, this study proposes a reinforcement method using 3D-printed connectors based on polyethylene terephthalate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (PETG) filament. First, the influence of key process parameters (extrusion extent, nozzle travel speed, and nozzle temperature) on the mechanical properties of PETG models was analyzed. Subsequently, based on the optimized process parameters, reinforcement connectors with rib structures were designed and 3D printed. The reinforcement effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the ultimate load of mortise and tenon joints with and without the reinforcement connectors. Results indicated that with the increase of extrusion extent and nozzle temperature, and the decrease of nozzle travel speed, the ultimate strength and Young’s modulus of PETG models increased, improving their mechanical properties. The optimal process parameters were determined as follows: extrusion extent of 105%, nozzle travel speed of 70 mm/s, and nozzle temperature of 250 °C. After installing the reinforcement connectors, the average ultimate load of the mortise and tenon joints reached 445.7 N, which was 34.9% higher than that of joints without reinforcement, demonstrating that the 3D-printed connectors effectively reinforced and protected the mortise and tenon joints.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chen Wang, Hanyi Huang, Shanxiang Xu, Jiahao Yu
Flowability of Cellulose Powder Depending on the Morphology and Hydrophobicity
Flowability is an essential property that must be evaluated to ensure smooth and consistent feeding of powder materials into hoppers. It can be influenced by particle shape, size and its distribution, and surface chemical characteristics. In the case of cellulose powders, their physical and chemical properties are not uniform and can vary depending on the cellulose source and powder preparation method. In this study, the flowability of cellulose powders was evaluated through static and dynamic analyses. The angle of repose was measured to assess static flow characteristics, while avalanche behavior was analyzed using a revolution powder analyzer. Cellulose nanofiber, microcrystalline cellulose, and milled kenaf pulp were classified by particle size to investigate the effects of morphology. Larger and more spherical particles exhibited superior flowability, whereas particles smaller than 70 µm showed a sharp decline in flowability. Particle size had a stronger influence than size distribution. Increasing moisture content improved the flowability of fine particles but reduced that of coarse ones. Moderate hydrophobization enhanced flowability by reducing surface energy, whereas excessive treatment caused deterioration due to aggregation. These results identified the key parameters governing cellulose powder flow and clarified the characteristics advantageous for stable feeding and uniform product quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hakmyoung Lee, Heenae Shin, Shin Young Park, Yujin Oh, Jinseoung Kim, Hye Jung Youn
Enhancing Density and Durability of Biomass Pellets through Optimized Pressurized Binder Spraying and Process Parameters
To reduce the energy consumption of biomass densification, this study proposes a method of constructing solid bridges through pressurized binder spraying. The feasibility of this method for producing high-quality biomass molding was studied under ambient temperatures and lower pressures. Four-factor mixed-level orthogonal tests were designed to evaluate the relaxation ratio and durability of density pellets, in which the molasses served as the binder. Pressurized spraying of the binder resulted in a 27.0% increase of relaxation density, 8.21% decrease in relaxation ratio, and significantly enhanced durability compared to stirring method at pressure 40 MPa, which was determined in preliminary testing to conform to at least 95% durability. A multivariate quadratic regression equation through response surface analysis was established by selecting a 2FI model for the 100% importance in binder addition method. The relaxation ratio was normalized to the weights of the influencing factors obtained from model of multi-layer perceptron neural network. The test factors had a significant impact of on the relaxation ratio, and thus, the optimal combination condition for test was determined as 50 (MPa) densification pressure, 14% moisture content, 4% binder ratio, and pressurized spraying at 2 (MPa). These conditions reduced the minimum densification pressure required for biomass densification.
Copyright (c) 2025 Xiangyue Yuan, Zhuoying Chen, Ruyu Chen, Zhongsai Li, Zhongjia Chen
Biofabrication of Reduced Graphene Oxide using Rhododendron micranthum Turcz. Aqueous Leaf Extract and its Analgesia Efficiency and Local Anesthetic Effect
The biosynthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) was shown using an aqueous leaf extract of Rhododendron micranthum Turcz. as a reductant by deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide (GO). The reduction of GO to RGO was shown as a shift in UV-Vis peak from 230 nm to 270 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the GO reduction. Thermal gravimetry and zeta potential measurements exhibited the good stability of RGO. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results showed thin and transparent RGO sheets. Cell viability results showed that the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of adult goats were viable in the presence of RGO at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and their properties were retained. The analgesic effect of RGO was assessed in mice through the oral administration of different doses of RGO. Writhing episodes induced by acetic acid were decreased dose-dependently. Also, the inflammatory effect of RGO was shown by measuring the hind paw volume of rat exhibited the decreased inflammation with increased RGO concentration. The local anesthetic activity was assessed in guinea pig models and frog, revealing that the RGO exhibited a substantial local anesthetic effect in both the animals with decreased response in dose dependent manner.
Copyright (c) 2025 Huihong Xie, Yinjie Zheng, Lishuang Chen, Xiaonan Zhang, Ting Li
Methane Production from the Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Lignocellulosic Materials and Paper Plant Sludge Cakes
Anaerobic co-digestion was evaluated for lignocellulosic materials and paper plant sludge cakes (PSL). The methane production, crystallinity, residual cellulose, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were analyzed and compared. It was found that microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) had the highest accumulated methane production among the different materials in the anaerobic digestion system. The residual content and crystallinity of cellulose both decreased to a much larger extent, and the accumulated methane production was higher than that of the anaerobic digestion system with the added anaerobic sludge cake. NGS showed that the domain bacteria in the anaerobic digestion system with the added anaerobic sludge cake were Methanosaeta, which can convert organic sugars into methane. This substantially reduced the number of bacteria that can degrade cellulose. As the ability to degrade cellulose decreased, the residual cellulose content and crystallinity of cellulose became higher than those of the anaerobic digestion system without adding anaerobic sludge cake.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chun-Han Ko, Hsiao-En Ko, An-Chi Liu, Ping-Yuan Yang, Fang-Chih Chang
Statistical Optimization of Cellulase Production from Bacillus paramycoides and its Role in Saccharification of Pre-treated Brachiaria mutica (Para grass) Biomass
The hyper-cellulase producing bacterium Bacillus paramycoides strain BTH was isolated and characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing. Its potential for saccharification of Brachiaria mutica (para grass), a lignocellulosic aquatic weed, was examined. Cellulase production from strain BTH was enhanced by optimizing various parameters in the presence of goat dung as feedstock using One factor at a time (OFAT) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) methods. The OFAT-based non-statistical method improved cellulase activity up to 1280.32±27.3 U/g. Box-Behnken Design of RSM-based optimization exhibited 1.3-fold enhancement in cellulase activity (1725.54±32.63 U/g) as compared to OFAT technique in the presence of goat dung medium (pH 8.0), incorporated with 1.5% (w/w) CMC and incubated at 37°C. Para grass biomass was further pre-treated via hydrothermal, alkali, acid, hydrogen peroxide, and microwave heating methods and subjected to strain BTH-associated cellulase-based hydrolysis. The alkali pre-treated biomass exhibited maximum total reducing sugar production of 6.73±0.2, 9.25±0.16, 11.6±0.17, 14.11±0.16, and 11.54±0.16 mg/g in the presence of 4% (w/v) NaOH from 12 to 96 h. Likewise, 4% (w/v) NaOH pre-treated biomass showed maximum saccharification efficiency of 30.28±0.8, 41.62±0.6, 52.2±0.7, 63.49±0.6, and 51.93±0.8% from 12 to 96 h. The findings validated the role of B. paramycoides-associated cellulase in the saccharification of para grass.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ameer Khusro, Ellojita Rout, Ramakrishnan Venkatesh Prabu, Muhammad Umar Khayam Sahibzada, Roba Alatawy, Saad Alghamdi
Comparative Evaluation of Treatment Conditions on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Acetylated Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Wood
Esterified wood was produced from beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) using acetic anhydride via a soaking-impregnation process with varying impregnation (Im) and reaction (Re) durations. Oven-dried beech wood samples were immersed in acetic anhydride for either 60 or 180 minutes.The samples were then wrapped in foil and placed in an oven at 103 ± 2 °C for 60 or 120 minutes to facilitate the acetylation reaction. The weight percent gain (WPG) was determined to assess the extent of the chemical modification. Flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), impact strength (IS), and compression strength (CS), along with water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), and anti-swelling and anti-shrinkage efficiencies were evaluated. The WPG increased with increasing reaction, reaching 9.1% for Im60-Re60 and 13.6% for Im180-Re120 treatments. Acetylation significantly reduced water absorption and dimensional changes compared with untreated wood. Higher WPG levels resulted in reductions in FS and IS, whereas FM and CS were not significantly affected. Among the tested conditions, the Im60-Re60 treatment provided the most balanced performance, achieving improved dimensional stability with minimal reduction in mechanical properties. These results demonstrate that controlled acetylation can enhance the moisture resistance and dimensional stability of beech wood while maintaining acceptable mechanical performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyyed Khalil HosseiniHashemi, Mojtaba Esfandiar, Maliheh Akhtari, Nadir Ayrilmis
A Multi-Model Collaborative Finite Element Approach for Service-State Analysis of Timber Components
Current numerical models for timber components are often limited to single constitutive theories, making it difficult to accurately simulate their complex multi-stage mechanical behavior under diverse service conditions. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes an innovative “multi-model collaborative finite element analysis method.” Guided by the principle of “service-condition matching,” this method dynamically selects and integrates appropriate mechanical models to achieve high-fidelity simulation throughout the entire service life of the component: an orthotropic elastic model is used to reveal the “strong longitudinal but weak transverse” stress distribution under normal loads; the Hill anisotropic criterion captures the evolution of plastic strain as loads approach the yield point; and a viscoelastic model describes the rate-dependent and stress-relaxation behaviors under long-term loading. Results show that the collaborative method effectively elucidates the respective mechanical mechanisms, and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements validate the simulation accuracy. The proposed method provides an innovative and efficient cross-scale numerical tool for timber structures, enabling integrated simulation from short-term safety assessment to long-term performance evolution. This is of great significance for the conservation, performance optimization, and lifespan prediction of historic timber components.
Copyright (c) 2025 Le Zhou, Xiaoyi Hu, Hongchao Liu, Xin Hou
A Simplified Manufacturing Technique of Fabricating Jute Stick Cross-banded Board Reinforced with Citric Acid as a Natural Binder: Process Optimization and Characterization
A simple manufacturing strategy was developed to fabricate cross-banded jute stick boards using citric acid (CA). The effects of CA concentrations and pressing temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of the boards were systematically investigated. Jute sticks were impregnated with CA concentration ranging from 20 to 60 wt% and hot-pressed at 160 to 220°C at a pressing pressure of 5 MPa. Boards treated with 40 wt% CA exhibited the highest modulus of rupture (53.6 N/mm²) and internal bond strength (0.52 N/mm²), while those treated with 60 wt% CA showed superior dimensional stability, with a thickness swelling of 14.7% at a pressing temperature of 200 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of ester linkages between the carboxyl groups of CA and the hydroxyl groups of jute stick components, resulting in strong chemical bonding and interfacial adhesion. Therefore, by optimizing the processing parameters, CA-treated jute stick crossbanded board was successfully developed with enhanced mechanical strength and dimensional stability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Summia Rahman, Moushumi Akter, Aynun Nishat Farhabi, Sukma S. Kusumah, Kenji Umemura, Md. Iftekhar Shams
Morpho-Biochemical Diversity and Chemometric Evaluation of Viburnum opulus L. Genotypes from Central Anatolia
Forty-eight naturally growing Viburnum opulus L. genotypes were collected from the Sarıoğlan, Felahiye, Melikgazi, and Kocasinan districts in Kayseri province, and characterized for morphological and horticultural traits. Fruit width (7.3 to 11.6 mm), fruit length (8.2 to 12 mm), fruit weight (0.3 to 0.8 g), number of fruits per cluster (18 to 111) and cluster weight (10 to 78 g) exhibited significant heterogeneity among the genotypes. Soluble solids content ranged from 7.5% to 11.6% and pH values ranged between 2.6 and 3.7. Oxalic acid content ranged from 221 to 779 mg/100 mL, malic acid from 8.6 × 10³ to 1.4 × 10⁴ mg/100 mL, citric acid from 8.4 × 10² to 2.7 × 10³ mg/100 mL, and ascorbic acid from 544 to 919 mg/100 mL. Total phenolic content was 1.8 × 10³ to 2.0 × 10³ mg/L GAE, total flavonoid content 1.2 × 10³ to 2.0 × 10³ mg/L QUE, and antioxidant activity remained relatively stable, ranging from 83.00% to 85.03% with a mean of 84.42. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering revealed relationships between morphological and biochemical traits. Correlation analyses indicated strong positive associations between fruit size and cluster characteristics. Phenolic compounds and vitamin C contents are the primary factors determining antioxidant capacity. The results highlight the importance of genetic diversity and provide a foundation for breeding, selection, and sustainable utilization efforts.
Effects of Torrefaction on Hemicellulose Chemical Structure in Cell Walls of Japanese Cedar
Torrefaction is a promising technique for improving the thermochemical characteristics, including calorific value and hydrophobicity, of wood pellets. These properties of torrefied pellets are attributed to the degradation of the cell wall polymers, such as the hemicellulose structure, during the torrefaction process. This study investigated the effects of torrefaction on the chemical components of the cell wall polymers and hemicellulose structure in Japanese cedar. Wood chips were subjected to torrefaction at different temperatures (230 to 500 ºC) and characterized using various techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography. The torrefied samples exhibited lower hemicellulose content (glucomannan/galacto-glucomannan (GM/GGM) and arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX)) than the control sample. In addition, the hemicellulose content of the cell wall decreased with increasing torrefaction temperature. The GM/GGM-to-AGX ratio remarkably changed after torrefaction. As the torrefaction temperature increased, high-molecular-weight assemblies of GM/GGM and AGX shifted toward low-molecular-weight assemblies. Furthermore, the side-chain structure and molecular-weight distribution of AGX decomposed at a lower torrefaction temperature (230 °C), indicating that the AGX polymeric structure had lower thermal stability than GM/GGM. These results provide information concerning the thermal degradation of the behavior of each hemicellulose polymeric structure during the torrefaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoshikazu Mori, Mifu Fujisawa, Takahiro Yoshida, Makoto Kiguchi
Mechanical, Dynamic Thermal Mechanical, and Creep Properties of Hot-Pressed Wood-Plastic Composites
To investigate the influence of reinforced fiber size on the service performance of wood-plastic composites (WPCs), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared using poplar fibers of seven different sizes. Their bending and impact properties, dynamic thermal mechanical properties, and 24 h creep-24 h recovery performance were analyzed. The WPCs reinforced with 80 to 120 mesh fibers had the worst mechanical properties. The WPCs reinforced with 10 to 120 mesh fibers had the highest bending strength, reaching 28.1 MPa, while WPCs reinforced with 20 to 40 mesh fibers had the greatest bending modulus of 2.73 GPa. The WPCs with 20 to 80 mesh fibers had the highest impact strength, reaching 7.75 kJ/m2. Excessively large or small fiber sizes did not benefit the mechanical properties of WPCs. As the temperature increased, the storage modulus of WPCs decreased. Additionally, as the mesh size of wood fibers increased, the loss modulus increased, while the loss tangent gradually decreased, resulting in reduced toughness and more pronounced elastic behavior. Under a 50 N load, WPCs with the mixed mesh fiber outperformed WPCs with single mesh fibers in 24 h creep performance, WPCs reinforced with 20 to 80 mesh fiber showing the best creep resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yan Cao, Baoyu Liu, Guangping Deng, Xueshan Hua, Liling Wei, Xiaohui Yang, Hailong Xu, Lifen Li
Resilience Evaluation and Simulation for Green Supply Chains: A Case Study of Customized Furniture Industry Using Hybrid Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling and System Dynamics Methods
Analytical and simulation models were used to investigate the formation mechanism and enhancement pathways of green supply chain resilience (GSCR) in customized home furnishing enterprises. A mixed-methods research approach was employed, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data collection. For the qualitative component, anchored in resilience theory and the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, a resilience indicator system was developed that integrates both capability and risk factors, proposing 21 mechanistic hypotheses. For the quantitative component, 179 targeted questionnaires were collected, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied using SmartPLS software for factor analysis and hypothesis testing. This was followed by a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the case enterprise’s resilience level. Furthermore, a system dynamics model was constructed to simulate resilience development trends under four distinct scenarios. The results indicate that factors such as environmental compliance monitoring maturity and production disruption risks due to adverse events exert the most significant influence on the GSCR of customized home furnishing enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mengfan Yao, Jiangang Zhu
Extracts from Some Tree Pruning Residues and their Cytotoxicity on the HepG2 Cell Line Using the Sulforhodamine-B Assay and their Antifungal Activity
Methanol extracts (MEs) were obtained from pruning parts of some cultivated plants in Egypt, namely Mangifera indica (leaves), Moringa oleifera (seeds), Psidium guajava (leaves), and Citrus limon (branches). The chemical components present in the MEs were identified by HPLC. The cytotoxic activity of the four natural MEs was assessed for the HepG2 cell line after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation using the sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay. The antifungal effect was assessed against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus. Based on HPLC, the MEs from M. indica leaf extract contained eugenol and ellagic acid; α-tocopherol, and p-coumaric acid in M. oleifera seeds; eugenol and caffeic acid in P. guava leaves; and ferulic acid and caffeic acid in C. limon branches. After 24 h of treatment, the EC50 for cell growth was 205 µg/mL from M. indica leaf ME. At 1000 µg/mL, M. oleifera seed ME, M. indica leaf ME, and C. limon branch ME showed the greatest fungal growth inhibition (FGI) percentages against A. flavus. At 1000 and 500 µg/mL M. oleifera, M. indica at 1000 µg/mL, and M. oleifera at 250 µg/mL, MEs exhibited the highest FGI% values against A. terreus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Salem, Ahmed Khaleel Ibrahim Al-Kubeisi, Abeer M. Ashmawy, Maisa M. A. Mansour, Salma Aboelela, Mohammed A. A. Elshaer, Shady Selim
Antioxidant, Antiacetylcholinesterase, and Hypoglycemic Properties of Aqueous Extracts of Five Seaweeds
The biochemical compositions and bioactive properties of red seaweed species Gelidiella acerosa, Gelidiella papillosa, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Sargassum pachycarpum, and Sargassum wightii were characterized. The crude protein (13.9 ± 0.28%) and dry matter (91.4 ± 2.1%) contents were highest in K. alvarezii and G. acerosa, respectively. The ash content was high in S. pachycarpum (28.9 ± 0.22%). The highest phenolic (3.27 ± 0.019 gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry wt) and flavonoid (3.372 ± 0.002 catechin equivalents (CAE)/g dry wt) contents were detected in S. wightii. The antioxidant activity ranged from 58.5 ± 0.44 to 81.5 ± 1.1% in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values (IC50 values) of the seaweed extracts ranged from 0.61 ± 0.021 mg/mL to 0.79 ± 0.027 mg/mL according to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, which were lower than those of the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method (0.76 ± 0.027 to 1.39 ± 0.015 mg/mL). The seaweed extracts exhibited moderate acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition activity. The highest inhibition activity was observed for the K. alvarezii extract (49.3 ± 1.3%), while S. wightii presented the highest α-glucosidase (83.2 ± 1.8%) inhibition activity. The G. papillosa extract exhibited the highest a-amylase inhibition activity (57.4 ± 2.4%).
Copyright (c) 2025 Arokya Glory Pushpa Thiraviam, T. Renisheya Joy Jeba Malar, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Nicholas Daniel Amalorpavanaden, Bader O. Almutairi, Mikhlid H. Almutairi
In-situ Assessment and Comparison of the Thermal Performance of Three Building Envelopes in a Nordic Climate
Buildings in cold climates are often exposed to extreme weather events, including heatwaves and prolonged power outages. In this study, three lightweight experimental buildings were instrumented in Québec to assess their thermal resilience. Each building featured a different wall assembly insulated with bio-based materials. The dynamic thermal behavior was analyzed during winter heating interruptions and summer heatwaves, using in situ measurements and specific performance indicators. Although all three wall systems met high thermal resistance levels, results showed that this static property alone was not able to predict thermal resilience. One building, despite having lower static performance, maintained cooler indoor temperatures during a heat wave due to a higher share of bio-based materials. This study emphasizes the importance of moving beyond static indicators and relying on real-world performance assessments to inform sustainable building design in cold regions affected by climate change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luigiano Duarte, Pierre Blanchet, Lara Ramadan, Richard Trempe
Thymol Encapsulated Pickering Emulsion Coated Paper for Enhancing Cherry Tomato Preservation Performance
Thymol, a natural phenolic compound with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and high antioxidant capacity, faces limitations in food preservation due to its volatility. This study developed a thymol-loaded Pickering emulsion stabilized by zein/pectin (ZP) composite colloidal particles. The effects of thymol concentration (0.5 to 2.5 wt%) on encapsulation efficiency, colloidal stability, and functional properties were investigated. The resultant functionalized paper was evaluated for cherry tomato preservation. Optimal performance was achieved at 2 wt% thymol, yielding a high encapsulation efficiency of 91.4% and superior stability. The paper demonstrated robust antimicrobial efficacy, sustained release, and a 98.2% DPPH radical scavenging efficacy. In storage trials, it significantly outperformed controls by better maintaining firmness, mitigating weight loss, and reducing the spoilage rate to 7.3% after 15 days, while most effectively preserving soluble solids content. This work demonstrates the ZP particle-stabilized, thymol-loaded Pickering emulsion-based paper as a highly effective strategy for postharvest preservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lei Zhu, Chunxia Pang, Yiwei Xiao, Yuanjia Zhang, Jiahui Wang, Li Hu, Yang Fu, Ting Li, Wenjun Li
Agro-Residue Valorization for Thermostable Xylanase Production by Aspergillus caespitosus and Its Eco-Friendly Application in Pulp Biobleaching
The fungus Aspergillus caespitosus was cultivated under solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran (WB) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as agro-industrial substrates to produce xylanase. WB supported the highest enzymatic activity (approximately 1100 U g⁻¹ dry substrate), while pretreatment of SCB with NaOH (AT-SCB) enhanced productivity to about 1500 U g⁻¹, confirming the positive effect of lignocellulosic modification. The optimal moisture ratio (1:3 water: solid) yielded approximately 2400 U g⁻¹, and supplementation with 1% NH₄NO₃ and trace salts further increased xylanase synthesis by approximately 40%. The crude extract retained more than 80% of its activity after 72 h at 50 °C, indicating good thermal stability. In kraft pulp biobleaching, treatment with WB-derived xylanase (10 U g⁻¹ pulp, 50 °C, 3 h) resulted in a 15% reduction in the kappa number and a 2.5 ISO-point increase in brightness, with no detectable cellulose degradation. These findings demonstrate that A. caespitosus efficiently produced a thermostable and selective xylanase under SSF, highlighting the potential of agro-residue valorization for developing environmentally friendly processes in the pulp and paper industry.
Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli
Copyright (c) 2025 Diandra de Andrades, Valeria Cristina Sandrim, Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli
Students’ Topic Interest and Its Effect on Their Self-Perceived Digital and Sustainability Competencies and Their Perceived Mode of Acquisition
In an era defined by digital transformation and the pursuit of sustainability, education functions both as a reflection of societal change and as a catalyst for it. This study examines how students’ interest in topics of digital and sustainability competencies affects their self-perceived proficiency and the extent to which they attribute their competency acquisition to formal education. The research employs established frameworks for digital and sustainability competencies, along with a set of professional competencies. Data were collected from 453 final-year students enrolled in upper secondary vocational and technical education, short-cycle higher vocational education, bachelor’s, and master’s programs in wood science and technology education in Slovenia and analyzed using multiple regression models. All six competence dimensions identified through exploratory factor analysis showed significant positive effects of topic interest on self-perceived competence, with the strongest association observed for generic sustainability competencies. Topic interest also positively predicted the share of competencies students reported acquiring through formal education, with the largest effects for technical professional and generic sustainability competencies. These findings highlight topic interest as an important motivational factor shaping students’ perceptions of their digital and sustainability competencies, while the educator’s role appears especially crucial at this early stage of interest development for digital and sustainability topics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luka Goropečnik, Danijela Makovec Radovan, Nina Kristl, Jože Kropivšek
Innovation of the Circular Transaction Service Mode of Furniture Products Oriented by User Demand
In the context of global carbon neutrality and circular economy, this study proposes a circular furniture trading service model driven by user needs to address the underutilization of furniture waste, promote resource efficiency, and support carbon peaking and neutrality goals. Drawing on SIVA theory, circular economy principles, the Kano model, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), this study establishes a research framework to obtain, classify, and prioritize user needs through surveys, interviews, and mixed qualitative-quantitative methods. Based on these analyses, an optimized recycled furniture service system was designed to enhance information access, value perception, and the purchasing process. The Kano and AHP analyses identified price, environmental friendliness, and service convenience as core priorities. The model integrates green and information technologies to deliver a convenient, efficient, and eco-friendly service via trade-in, refurbishment, and one-stop solutions, thereby significantly enhancing user satisfaction and resource utilization efficiency. The findings provide a reference for green transformation of the furniture industry and the development of a low-carbon economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yanxiang Fu, Shizhuo Wang, Yatao Zeng
Mechanical Properties of Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) depending on Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) Extract Treatment Level and Time
The rapid depletion of forest and water resources, drought, climate change, and the significant loss of freshwater resources, along with fires and wars, necessitate the creation of healthy materials and a hygienic structure, as well as the optimal use of wood. This study used various processes to obtain extracts from laurel leaf waste, which is known for its antioxidant/antibacterial properties. Subsequently, solutions of various concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) were prepared and the wood was impregnated using the immersion method (short, medium, and long-term). Tests were then conducted to determine the retention, specific density, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and dynamic bending. The highest retention was determined at a 5% concentration for 6 h (2.50%), the highest air-dry specific density was determined at 5% for 6 h (0.68 g/cm³), and the highest bending strength was determined at 5% for 6 h (143 N/mm²). The extract prepared from ecological bay leaf plant waste with water creates a partially hygienic (antioxidant/antibacterial) framework for organic wood, benefiting human and environmental health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hatice Ulusoy, Hüseyin Peker, Veysi Kızılca
Biopesticidal Potential of Noxious Weeds against Leaf Blight of Rice Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), threatens global rice production. The biopesticidal potential of six weed species, namely Parthenium hysterophorus, Ammi visnaga, Chenopodium album, Cannabis sativa, Amaranthus viridis, and Dysphania ambrosioides, was evaluated against Xoo. Crude extracts and their ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions were tested using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, and in vivo pot experiments under a factorial completely randomized design. C. sativa (1.13 g) and A. viridis (1.03 g) yielded the highest crude extracts. Parthenium hysterophorus n-hexane extract (63.7% inhibition at 100 ppm), D. ambrosioides n-hexane (55.2%), and A. visnaga n-hexane (167% at 25 ppm) showed significant antibacterial activity. Ethyl acetate fractions, particularly D. ambrosioides, reduced Xoo infection most effectively in vivo. Parthenium hysterophorus (31 to 70%) and A. viridis (59 to 65%) ethyl acetate extracts promoted seed germination and growth, while A. visnaga and D. ambrosioides n-hexane extracts reduced growth by 24 to 29% and 19 to 25%, respectively. Chenopodium album ethyl acetate extract increased chlorophyll content (61 to 68%). Electrolyte leakage was highest in P. hysterophorus crude extract (75%) and lowest in D. ambrosioides n-hexane (17%). These weed-derived extracts show promise for sustainable BLB management, warranting further compound isolation and field validation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashif Ahmed, Yaseen Ahmed, Muhammad Nauman Ahmad, Muhammad Baseer Us Salam, Syed Amad Shah, Ayaz Ali Khan, Tariq Aziz, Ashwag Shami, Sahar A. Alshareef, Rewaa S. Jalal
MFWSD-YOLO: Lightweight Multi-scale Feature-fusion Wood Surface Defect Detection Algorithm
Wood surface defect detection confronts critical challenges including cross-scale feature extraction, excessive parametric burden, and inadequate small-target recognition. This study proposes MFWSD-YOLO, a lightweight multi-scale feature fusion detection algorithm to address these limitations. The algorithm introduces an adaptive downsampling module utilizing dual-path parallel processing to preserve spatial information, designs a shared convolution detection head enabling efficient cross-scale feature interactions, proposes a progressive feature integration block strengthening multi-scale semantic fusion, and embeds a local attention mechanism enhancing spatial modeling precision. Experimental validation demonstrates substantial enhancements, achieving mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 improvements of 8.90% and 5.17% respectively over baseline YOLOv12n. Concurrently, efficiency gains include 52.73% parameter reduction, 33.33% computational complexity decrease, and 50.94% model size compression, maintaining 195.6 frames per second inference capability. Cross-dataset validation substantiates robust generalization across diverse wood defect scenarios and industrial applications. These advances establish an effective computational solution for automated wood quality inspection within intelligent manufacturing environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jun Wu, Ao Zhang, Chao Deng, Jun Xu
Effect of Combined Fire- and Bio-Protective Coatings on the Thermal Degradation of Spruce Wood: Insights from Radiant Heat and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis
The influence of two commercial fire-retardant formulations, HR Prof and Krovsan, and their mixtures on the thermal behavior and fire resistance of spruce wood was evaluated by simultaneous thermal analysis STA (namely TG/DTG/DSC) and radiant-heat exposure. The untreated wood exhibited the typical three-stage degradation of lignocellulosic material with a maximum mass-loss rate near 265 °C. All treated specimens showed delayed decomposition, reduced oxidation rate, and markedly higher residual mass at 700 °C. A strong correlation was found between thermogravimetric residue and the mass retained after radiant-heat testing, confirming that improved performance resulted from condensed-phase stabilization. Phosphorus–nitrogen components of HR Prof promoted early dehydration and intumescence, while boron–copper species in Krovsan reinforced the carbonized layer and limited oxidation at elevated temperature. The balanced mixture (50 HR – 50 KR) provided the most effective protection, combining early char formation with long-term stability. The synergistic action of HR Prof and Krovsan thus offers an efficient and environmentally acceptable strategy for enhancing the fire safety of spruce wood.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iveta Mitterová, Andrea Majlingova, Viktória Barna
Effect of Temperature on the Tensile Mechanical Properties and Creep Performance of Wood-plastic Composites
Uniaxial tensile tests of recycled waste wood plastic composites were conducted at 20, 40, and 60 °C. High density polyethylene (HDPE, 30%) was reinforced with poplar wood (50%), and calcium carbonate (15%), with 5% additives. The load values for three stress levels of 15%, 30%, and 45% were determined at each temperature. Subsequently, 24-h short-term creep tests of WPC were conducted under nine operating conditions. Both the ultimate strength and elastic modulus of the material was found to decrease with increasing temperature. The modulus and ultimate strength decreased from 3890 and 15.0 MPa at 20 °C to 1970 and 7.1 MPa at 60 ℃, respectively. Furthermore, the stress-strain curves of WPC specimens exhibit plastic behavior when the temperature exceeded 40 °C. The creep deformation of WPC was positively correlated with temperature and stress level. The Findley model exhibited distortion in fitting the creep performance of WPC only under the condition of 60 °C and 15% stress level. Conversely, the fractional-order model demonstrated a better fitting effect on the steady-state creep characteristics of WPC under this working condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fei Xi, Jun Yang, Longlong Zhao, Yang Wei
Evaluation of Styrene-based Copolymers and Glutaraldehyde for Medium-density Fiberboard Production
The performance of medium density fiberboard (MDF) with styrene-based copolymers and glutaraldehyde was evaluated. Styrene/n-butyl acrylate (SBA), styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), and glutaraldehyde (GA) were tested at 1%, 2.5%, and 5% levels. Surface roughness parameters, mechanical and physical properties, and formaldehyde emission values were evaluated. Two different methods were used for panel preparation: surface application and mixing with UF resin. Different trends were observed depending on chemical types, chemical concentrations, and application methods. The surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rq, Rz) decreased with the application methods and chemicals used. The smoothest surfaces were obtained from groups with the chemicals compared to control groups. The surface application method yielded the most favorable results. The thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) values generally showed slight improvements, and better results were obtained with the UF-mixing method. Mechanical properties such as internal bond strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) showed variations depending on the experimental parameters. In general, higher values were obtained for both application methods compared to control values. Free formaldehyde emission values were notably reduced with the UF-mixing method. In general, the use of SBA, SMA, and GA chemicals contributed to lower formaldehyde emission values.
Copyright (c) 2025 Derya Ustaömer, Esat Gümüşkaya, Mehmet Erel
Performance of Lignin as Filler in Composites of Low Density-Polyethylene (LDPE) and Lignosulfonate
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-based composites reinforced with lignosulfonate and lignin were developed to enhance mechanical and thermal properties while supporting sustainability. Tensile testing showed that increasing lignin concentration improved tensile strength, though no significant difference was observed between LL7.5 and LL10 due to possible lignin agglomeration. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that all composites had a consistent melting point at 107 °C, while Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) showed similar thermal degradation patterns to LDPE (400–500 °C), with lignin-based fillers degrading at 200–400 °C. Melt Flow Rate (MFR) testing demonstrated a decreasing trend with higher lignin content, with LL0 showing the highest value (4.92 g/10 min) and LL10 the lowest (3.53 g/10 min). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis before and after 30 days of sunlight exposure indicated no significant chemical changes, suggesting good environmental stability. These results demonstrate that incorporating lignosulfonate and lignin enhances both thermal stability and mechanical strength without compromising structural integrity under environmental exposure. The developed composites show promise for industrial applications requiring improved performance and eco-friendly materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Ikhtiarini, Dimas Aji Priyadi, Syafril Mayu Dinata, Bambang Subiyanto, Ignasia Maria Sulastiningsih, Widya Fatriasari, Ismadi, Kurnia Wiji Prasetiyo, Lilik Astari, Deni Purnomo, Resti Marlina, Firda Aulya Syamani
Investigation of the Performance of Pistachio Husks as a Sustainable Sound-absorbing Material
There are ongoing efforts to use eco-friendly sound-absorbing materials to reduce noise pollution. Various sustainable sound-absorbing materials, including agricultural by-products, have been examined in previous research. This study focuses on using pistachio husks as a sustainable sound-absorbing material. To assess the performance, the sound absorption coefficient was determined by filling impedance tubes with pistachio husks to heights of 40, 60, 80, and 100 mm. The sound absorption peak was observed at 0.523 at 1,296 Hz at a fill height of 40 mm, and 0.736 at 532 Hz at a fill height of 100 mm. As the amount of pistachio husks in the impedance tube increased, the sound absorption performance at low frequencies improved. The noise reduction coefficients (NRCs) were 0.456 at 80 mm and 0.428 at 100 mm. This corresponds to a KS F 3503 grade of 0.5M, which shows that pistachio husks have sound absorption properties. However, the sound absorption performance of pistachio husks was inferior to that of other natural materials. Therefore, future research is required to improve the porosity of pistachio husks through various physical and chemical treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eun-Suk Jang, Chun-Won Kang
Development of Sustainable Silane-Treated Hemp Fiber and Lansium parasiticum Shell Bio-Filler-Reinforced Polyester Composite
Natural fibre composites are globally recognized for their sustainability and functionality, yet challenges such as poor interfacial bonding and high moisture absorption limit their performance. This study developed and characterized a polyester-based hybrid composite reinforced with silane-treated hemp fibres and Lansium parasiticum shell powder—an underutilized agricultural byproduct. The effects of reinforcement loading on mechanical, wear, dynamic mechanical, hydrophobic, and flammability behaviours were systematically investigated. The 3 vol% filler (T3) formulation exhibited maximum tensile and flexural strength, while 5 vol% enhanced hardness and wear resistance. Excess filler loading led to agglomeration and property deterioration. Silane treatment significantly improved fibre–matrix adhesion, thermal stability, and water repellence, as evidenced by increased contact angle and dynamic mechanical analysis results. Overall, the study demonstrated that silane-treated hybrid bio composites offer superior mechanical integrity, reduced moisture uptake, and improved thermal resistance. These findings highlight their potential for sustainable applications in automotive components, building panels, prosthetic sockets, and orthotic supports, contributing to lightweight and eco-friendly material development. This sustainable silane-treated hemp and bio-filler composite demonstrates potential as a next-generation material for lightweight biomedical support and rehabilitation applications in disability research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kannapiran Karuppasamy, Prabu Ram Ganesamoorthy, Saravanan Pandiaraj, Satheesh Rajendran
Valorization of Invasive Water Hyacinth into Biochar for Sustainable Soil Amendment and Enhanced Okra Productivity
This study demonstrated the conversion of a harmful weed into value-added product, biochar. Pyrolysis of water hyacinth biomass was carried out in a semi-automated charcolator at 500 ºC (yield 36.7% ± 1.2%) and applied into the soil at three different concentrations (low, medium, and high). The biochar presented alkaline pH (8.4±0.04), moderate cation exchange capacity (1.83±0.04 meq/100g) and moderate electrical conductivity (2709±44.73 mS/cm). Fourier-transform infrared spectra indicated diverse types of functional groups (phenols, alcohols, unsaturated carbon compounds, and aromatic compounds) in Eichhornia crassipes biochar (ECB). Scanning electron microscopy and element dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the high porosity (2.5 µm to 7.8 µm) and abundance of micro and macronutrients on biochar surface. Thermogravimetric analysis of ECB showed high thermal stability. Ameliorated soil edaphic parameters improved plant growth conditions. ECB added at medium concentration, remarkably increased shoot length and germination, and those of ECB added at high concentration recorded the highest chlorophyll content (60.5 SPAD). The experimental results showed favorable prospects for sustainable waste biomass recycling to produce valuable biochar, enhance soil health, and increase productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.).
Copyright (c) 2025 Muntaha Munir, Aisha Nazir, Muhammad Ishfaq Khan, Samreen Alam, Faiza Irshad, Imtiaz Khan, Muhammad Nauman Ahamd, Tariq Aziz, Nawal Al-Hoshani, Amal Mohamed AlGarawi, Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed, Rewaa S. Jalal
Research on the Design of Multi-Functional Dining Tables for an Accessible Dining Experience
Traditional dining tables often lack adjustability in height, legroom, and operability for wheelchair users and disabled older adults, limiting their suitability in accessible dining contexts. This study proposes and evaluates three multifunctional dining table concepts tailored to diverse physical abilities. Field observations of home mealtime routines were conducted, user-journey maps were developed, and affinity diagramming was applied to synthesize requirements. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced the dimensionality of the requirements and revealed latent factors shaping the accessible dining experience. Order Relation Analysis (ORA) and the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method were used to derive combined subjective and objective indicator weights that informed the design specifications. Three wheelchair compatible prototypes were generated and comparatively assessed, and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) identified the top-performing concept. Results indicate improvements in functional reach, operational convenience, and dining safety relative to conventional tables. The study provides a replicable workflow that integrates user research with multi-criteria decision making for accessible furniture design. Future work will embed sensing and actuation to enhance automation and adaptability, facilitating broader deployment in universal design.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yousheng Yao, Yuanhao Ding, Tiantian Sun, Junpeng Zheng, Shuangyi He, Hao Gu, Junfeng Chen, Hongchen Li
Model Experiments to Study the Inhibition Mechanism of Lignin Self-Condensation under tert-Butyl Alcohol and Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Conditions
The concentrated sulfuric acid/tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) hydrolysis system efficiently converts lignocellulose into monosaccharides and tert-butyl alcohol lignin (TBL), which exhibits thermal plasticity and a high solubility in common organic solvents. However, the reaction mechanism and the TBL chemical structure remain unclear. In this study, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (creosol, 4-methylguaiacol) was used as a model compound for the guaiacyl ring of lignin, and was treated with the concentrated sulfuric acid/TBA system to elucidate the chemical structure of TBL. At the beginning of this reaction, TBA rapidly reacted with 4-methylguaiacol to produce two main products. These products were fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine their chemical structures. The NMR spectra of the products revealed that the tert-butyl group was incorporated into either the ortho position of the phenolic OH group or the para position of the methoxyl group of 4-methylguaiacol. The former product was stable, whereas the latter gradually decomposed in the presence of sulfuric acid. This model experiment suggests that the consumption of anionic species on the lignin aromatic ring could be effective in preventing lignin self-condensation between the aromatic ring and the benzyl position of lignin under sulfuric acid treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuki Tokunaga, Haruka Murata, Hiroshi Nonaka
Enhancing Bulk and Absorbency of Tissue Paper Using Softwood Bleached Chemi-Thermomechanical Pulp
Softwood bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp (SW-BCTMP) was added in tissue paper manufacturing, focusing on bulk, absorbency and strength performance. The SW-BCTMP exhibited high fines content (52.4%), elevated polymeric cationic demand (83.0 μeq·L⁻¹), and substantial zeta potential (-93.0 mV), which initially impaired both dynamic drainage performance and first-pass retention of pulp furnishes. The optimal application of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was found to effectively reduce the cationic demand of pulp furnishes and enhance first-pass retention. The addition of 5.0 to 10.0% SW-BCTMP consistently enhanced the bulk, water absorbency, and air permeability of the handsheets. In the absence of polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin (PAE), dry strength was well maintained or even improved when substituting the bleached hardwood kraft pulp (BHKP), despite a marginal decline upon replacing the bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP). However, in PAE-containing systems, a consistent reduction in both dry and wet strength was observed. This detrimental effect was more pronounced when the SW-BCTMP replaced BSKP in the furnishes, which can be attributed to the interference of the SW-BCTMP with the adsorption and effectiveness of the wet-strength resin. The SW-BCTMP showed potential for enhancing bulk and absorbency in tissue products, such as toilet paper, where wet strength agents are not used.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yahui Lin, Yulong Wang, Yishan Kuang, Benping Lin, Defang Li, Rui Yang, Hongjie Zhang
Nano-Biofertilizers from Zinc Sulphate and Nigella Seed Extract with Bacterial Mediation: Synthesis and Characterization
This study aimed to synthesize nanoparticles by using zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) with seed extract and bacterial processing. The resulting nano-biofertilizers were used to treat maize crop. Zinc nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis using extract from Nigella seeds. Seed germination experiment was followed under salt stress in sand with three replications. Treatments included control (non-saline), saline, no-fertilizer, biofertilizer, Zn nanoparticles, and complete nano-biofertilizers applied at different concentrations. The rate of emergence was high in control as compared to saline conditions. Results indicated that control (non-saline) conditions were more efficient in stimulating the plant growth and the product had more potential to promote maximum yield in maize crop. Plants with the treatment of nano-biofertilizers gave higher yield as compared to the plants which were treated with nanoparticles or biofertilizers separately. Nanoparticles and biofertilizers both showed variations in plant yield. Characterization and morphological representation of plant samples (Zn-nano, biofertilizers, and nano-biofertilizers) was done by various analyses including SEM, FTIR, and XRD. It was concluded that nanoparticles and biofertilizers in combination can enhance the maize crop’s productivity and growth under certain favorable conditions and under salt stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Artaba Baig , Mobina Ulfat, Najeeb Ullah, Abid Sarwar, Sumera Javad, Sawaira Shahid, Tariq Aziz, Ashwag Shami, Ibtisam A. M. Alghabban , Aziza Mahdy Nahari , Nouf Ali Asiri , Rewaa S. Jalal
Mercury Accumulation in Sweet Potatoes: Effect of Gold Mine Tailing Contamination and Compost Amendment
The effect of compost on mercury content in sweet potatoes grown on soil contaminated by tailings was investigated in this study. In a completely randomized factorial design with three repetitions, the sweet potato MZ119 clone was planted on soil with a mixture of tailings at a ratio of 0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% (w/w) and compost amendment (0 g/pot, 250 g/pot, 500 g/pot, and 750 g/pot). The results of this study showed that an increase in the tailing contamination ratio led to an increase in mercury accumulation in sweet potatoes. In contrast, an increase in compost dosage reduced mercury accumulation. The results of the study showed that the mercury concentration in sweet potato tubers ranged from 0.153 to 0.802 mg/kg, which is above the threshold required for crops set by the WHO/FAO and other international standards. However, sweet potatoes exhibited a high mercury accumulation potential for mercury phytoremediation purposes, as they can accumulate mercury up to 18.15 mg/kg in their leaves.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratih Nurjayati, Indah Pratiwi, Edi Hidayat, Retno Damayanti, Sri Handayani, Yohanes Susanto Ridwan, Hendra Prasetia, Hilman Syaeful Alam, Rhazista Noviardi
Optimization of Preparation Process for Walnut Shell-based Wood Particleboard
Driven by the "double carbon" strategy, aiming at the potential of walnut shell, an agricultural and forestry waste, to replace wood in particleboard production, this study used walnut shell powder and wood shavings as raw materials, with melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde resin as the adhesive. A four-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of hot-pressing temperature, pressure, duration, and adhesive application level on the physical and mechanical properties of the panels. The optimal process conditions were 160°C, 4 MPA, 6 min, and a 14% adhesive application percentage. Under these conditions, the panel had a density of 0.70 g/cm³, and its modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bonding strength (IB), and 2-hour thickness swelling (2hTS) all exceeded the limits specified in GB/T 4897 (2015) by 30% to 60%. The order of influence of each parameter was hot-pressing temperature > adhesive application level > hot-pressing pressure > hot-pressing duration. This study established for the first time the optimal process window for walnut shell-based particleboard, demonstrating that a 30% wood substitution can balance performance and resource conservation, providing technical support for the green and high-value utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes.
Copyright (c) 2025 RenFen Liu, Jifei Chen, Guo Xiang, WenGang Chen
Evaluation of Waste Office Paper and Waste Newsprint as a Resource for Nanocellulose
Two types of wastepaper and a filter paper as a reference cellulose source were used for nanocellulose production. The production process of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was conducted via mechanical disintegration following TEMPO oxidation, while the sulfuric acid hydrolysis method was applied for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) production. The equivalent spherical diameters of CNFs were determined as 1520 nm for waste office paper (OP), 4920 nm for waste newsprint (NP), and 2180 nm for filter paper (FP). In contrast, the equivalent spherical diameters of CNCs were found to be 652 nm for OP, 2110 nm for NP, and 1090 nm for FP. The maximum crystallinity index was established to be 96.9% in the FP-CNC sample. Thermal degradation of raw material and deinked fiber samples for three different paper types occurred between 270 and 390 °C. Thermal degradation of CNF and CNC obtained from these paper types measured in the range of 240 to 360 °C and 140 to 600 °C, respectively. The FTIR analysis revealed chemical bond structures, such as O–H, C–H, C–O, C=O, CH₂, C–C, C–O–C, etc., forming in the raw material, deinked fiber, CNF, and CNC of the samples. Especially considering their crystallinity and thermal properties, it can be said that waste office paper is more suitable for nanocellulose production than waste newsprint.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ekrem Durmaz, Saim Ateş
Effect of Pressure Impregnation with a Boron-Phenolic Composite Flame Retardant on the Combustion Performance and Mechanical Properties of Plywood
Effects of a boron-phenol-based flame retardant were evaluated relative to the combustion performance and mechanical properties of structural plywood manufactured from two domestic softwood species: larch (Larix kaempferi) and Korean pine (Pinus densiflora). The flame retardant was applied using a standardized vacuum-pressure impregnation process, and the retention level, combustion resistance, and structural integrity of the treated specimens were determined. The results showed that the treated specimens met the Korean standard (KS F 3113) requirements for bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and water-resistant tensile-shear strength. Larch plywood exhibited modest changes in combustion and mechanical performance, whereas Korean pine showed significant improvements in flame retardancy, including longer ignition time, lower peak heat release rate, and reduced char length and area owing to the higher flame-retardant retention achieved with Korean pine. Furthermore, flame retardant impregnation did not affect adhesive bonding in either species. This study demonstrates that boron–phenol-based flame retardants can effectively enhance fire resistance in structural plywood without compromising its mechanical performance, thus supporting their applicability in manufacturing flame-retardant wood-based construction materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Halim Park, Taekyong Jeong, Suhwan Yeo, Duy Vuong Nguyen, Seonmee Yoon, Seoggoo Kang
Experimental and Docking Evidence for Black Seed Oil Nanoemulsion as a Natural Antimicrobial Material
As more people use chemical preservatives and antibiotics, there is a growing need for safe, natural alternatives. It was posited that black seed oil (Nigella sativa) (BSO) and its nanoemulsion (BSO-NE) might exhibit significant antibacterial efficacy against clinically pertinent pathogens. To verify this, BSO-NE was synthesized utilizing the emulsion inversion point (EIP) technique, yielding stable nanoscale oil-in-water droplets, which were validated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The antimicrobial activities of BSO and BSO-NE were tested against a group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using CFU-reduction assays and agar well diffusion. BSO strongly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis (96.6% CFU reduction), while BSO-NE showed varying but still significant activity against the strains that were tested. To investigate the mechanism, molecular docking of thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone with ATPase demonstrated greater binding affinities compared to the reference ligand, corroborating the experimental results. These results show that BSO could be a natural antimicrobial agent and that improving NE formulations could make them work even better. The research highlights the potential of essential-oil-based nanostructures as scalable options for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and food preservation applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jayda G. Eldiasty, Muneefah Abdullah Alenezi, Rahma M. Alharbi, Najla Qalit Alfaqeer, Ahmed A. El-Sayed
Influence of Fly Ash as a Soil Conditioner on the Growth and Yield Performance of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Fly ash can enhance soil structure, nutrient availability, and water retention, making it a promising soil conditioner for agricultural applications. The growth and yield performance of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cultivar Pak Chong 1 was evaluated under different soil treatments. The control treatment consisted of 313 kg/ha NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium), 1,563 kg/ha dolomite, and 6,250 kg/ha manure, while fly ash was applied at levels of 1,563, 3,125, 6,250, and 12,500 kg/ha. Growth parameters such as plant height, number of tillers per clump, leaf-to-stem ratio, dry-to-fresh weight ratio, and heavy metal accumulation were examined. The fly ash significantly increased plant height, tiller number, and biomass yield compared to the control in most cutting cycles. However, the control occasionally exhibited higher leaf-to-stem ratios, suggesting that fly ash promotes stem growth more than leaf expansion, indicating an advantage for biomass production. Notably, the 3,125 kg/ha fly ash treatment resulted in considerable lead accumulation in leaves; however, this Pb originated from the native soil, not the fly ash, which had non-detectable levels. Higher fly ash levels (e.g., 12,500 kg/ha) effectively reduced Pb uptake, indicating the need for dosage optimization to ensure heavy metal immobilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Songyos Chotchutima, Arunee Wongkaew, Jetsada Authapun, Ramida Krumsri, Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Abdul Rahman, Seng Hua Lee
Effect of Concrete Thickness and Expanded Polystyrene Layer on Stiffness and Floor Impact Sound Insulation Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Slabs
This study aimed to investigate the effects of an expanded polystyrene (EPS) layer and varying precast concrete thickness on the stiffness and acoustic performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) slabs. Six different concrete thicknesses and EPS layers were applied to larch and pine CLT slabs for testing. Airborne sound transmission loss (Dw) was measured using speakers, light impact sound (LnT,w) using a tapping machine, and heavy impact sound (LiA,Fmax) using rubber balls, in accordance with KS F ISO717-2. The results indicated that the EPS layer significantly improved light impact sound insulation (by 8 dB) and airborne noise insulation (by 5 dB), but had a minimal effect on heavy impact sound (0.5 dB). Both stiffness and sound insulation increased with concrete thickness, although improvement plateaued beyond 100 mm for larch CLT and 150 mm for pine CLT. The flexural and impact stiffness of larch CLT slabs were 24.3% and 19.2% higher than those of pine CLT slabs, respectively. Moreover, impact stiffness demonstrated a stronger correlation with acoustic performance than the previously established relationship with area density.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sungjun Pang, Hyo-Jin Lee, Yeon-Su Ha, Chul-Ki Kim, Ji-Ho Chang, Ho-Jeong Cho, Sang-Joon Lee
Optimization of GCC Filler Use for Molded Pulp: A DOE Study of Pore Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Dewatering–Drying Efficiency
Molded pulp packaging is rapidly growing as a sustainable packaging solution, but cost remains one of the biggest challenges. This study systematically investigates the potential use of mineral fillers as a cost-reduction strategy for molded pulp, using a design-of-experiments (DOE)-based approach. Laboratory-scale samples were produced with two ground calcium carbonate (GCC) fillers of different particle sizes at increasing dosages, and pore structure, mechanical properties, and dewatering/drying efficiency across stages of the molded-pulp process were assessed. With increasing filler dosage, mechanical properties decreased in three steps: slow initially, a steep mid-stage drop, then a slower final decline. The pore structure results correlated with this three-step change. The optimal filler-dosage range was determined from this three-step behavior and defined as the dosage corresponding to 80% of the maximum mechanical property reduction rate. GCC fillers improved the dewatering capability of the pulp suspension; however, this did not translate into improved dewatering efficiency at later stages. Future research is suggested to enable the successful application of mineral fillers in molded pulp products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jee Hong Lee, Kyudeok Oh, Hye Jung Youn, Hak Lae Lee
The Impact of Green Claims on Consumer Responses in Bio-Based Paper and Packaging: A Digital Content and Sentiment Analysis of Amazon and Trendyol Reviews
This study was conducted to examine how sustainability-oriented (“green”) claims influence consumer responses to bio-based paper and packaging products in digital marketplaces. A total of 611 verified consumer reviews were analyzed, including 230 from Amazon and 381 from Trendyol, covering the period between 2020 and 2025. Through digital content and sentiment analysis, the relationship between eco-communication and perceived value, satisfaction, and trust was explored. A cross-platform analytical pipeline was developed to ensure transparency and reproducibility. Daily review frequencies were aggregated into seven-day rolling averages so that temporal patterns such as enthusiasm bursts and stabilization trends could be identified. It was observed that consumer sentiment was predominantly positive but asymmetrically distributed. Explicit “green” claims such as biodegradable, recyclable, and eco-friendly were found to stimulate higher engagement while also inducing greater polarization, resulting in a characteristic J-shaped rating distribution. Broader variance in Amazon reviews was attributed to the platform’s diverse cultural composition, whereas Trendyol reviews exhibited faster stabilization, indicating stronger normative coherence and trust in localized sustainability messages. Overall, these findings suggest that sustainability has shifted from an optional feature to a baseline expectation in digital consumption. “Green” attributes are now perceived as authenticity and reliability cues that merge ethical commitment with functional quality.
Optimization of Bioleaching Process for Arsenic Extraction from Abandoned Mine Soils by Oxalic Acid
Soils contaminated with heavy metals, such as arsenic (As), pose significant environmental risks and can cause serious ecological and health-related damage. Biological methods, such as bioleaching (organic acids), biosorption (lignocellulosic materials, microbial biofilms), and bioaccumulation (microbial biofilms), have shown potential for remediating of heavy metal pollution sites. However, research optimizing the bio-based solutions remains limited. This study aimed to optimize As leaching from two abandoned mine soils using oxalic acid (OA). Response surface methodology (RSM) with a second-order central composite design (CCD) was employed to determine the optimal conditions, focusing on OA concentration and soil weight. Additionally, OA production by the brown-rot fungus Antrodia albida was monitored, revealing significant synthesis under low pH conditions, with peak production observed on the eighth day of incubation. The bioleaching efficiency of fungal OA was compared with commercial OA, showing comparable As extraction rates exceeding 95% in both soil types. However, the extraction efficiency for other heavy metals varied: fungal OA was more effective for cadmium, nickel, and lead, whereas commercial OA demonstrated higher efficiency for chromium, copper, and zinc. These findings underscore the potential of fungal OA as a sustainable alternative for remediating soils contaminated with heavy metals, particularly in low-pH environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sun Lul Kwon, Yong Seok Choi, Jae-Jin Kim, Gyu-Hyeok Kim
Indigenous Woods of the Carving Zoomorphic Art in the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Trees constitute an inseparable part of artistic expression in many human cultures. The zoomorphic woodcarving art of the Guarani Mbya Indigenous People—an ethnic group that once densely occupied much of South America—embodies the synergy between bioeconomy, technology, art, and ancestral knowledge of trees and their woods. It reflects the millennial sociocultural relationship between humans, their territory, and sustainable management practices aimed at preserving both ancestral culture and biodiversity. This editorial highlights the connection between wood properties and Indigenous carving art within the context of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil, aiming to demonstrate ancestral knowledge of the forest and its species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francys Alves Paulino, Joao Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior
Consumer Perception and Behavior for Sustainable Market Success
The bioeconomy is one of the most significant economic sectors in the global economy, and numerous biobased products and services have been developed in recent years. Most assessments in the field of biobased products focus on process development, technologies, and sustainability assessment. In addition to the most common focus, one of the key areas is the understanding of consumer trends, which are a critical factor in biobased products. These trends are driven by psychological, economic, social, and cultural factors, and their assessment must be developed considering factors like gender, age, income, regional culture, and labeling. Developing effective strategies to introduce biobased products into the market is essential for advancing sustainable development and must be given due emphasis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolás Martín Clauser, Maria Cristina Area
Wildfire Management: Canada’s Carbon Opportunity and a Lesson for All
Canada’s recent wildfires have released well over half a gigaton of carbon dioxide in a single season, which on par with the annual emissions of Japan or Germany. Removing this volume through engineered carbon capture would cost more than one trillion dollars, yet only a fraction of that is spent on wildfire suppression and sustainable mitigation. Proactive forest management, which includes thinning, harvesting, and putting fuel wood to productive use, offers a far more cost-effective path, reducing fire intensity while creating low-carbon products and rural jobs. Redirecting even a small share of carbon-offset spending toward such projects could fund lasting prevention. For both Canada and elsewhere, investing in prevention is sound climate policy and an economic imperative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alexander A. Koukoulas, Jack Lonsdale, Benjamin Kuttner
Closing the Loop: Recycling PLA Waste from 3D Printing into Value-Added Filament at NC State University
The rapid growth of 3D printing in university makerspaces has created a new but often overlooked waste stream: discarded polylactic acid (PLA) filament from failed prints, support structures, and design errors. Although PLA is a bio-based and recyclable thermoplastic, most of this material currently ends up in landfills. This paper outlines a pilot project at NC State University to close this loop by collecting, processing, and re-extruding PLA waste into new 3D printing filaments. The system, developed through collaboration between the D.H. Hill Makerspace and Hodges Lab, employs a straightforward four-step process—collection, sorting, grinding, and extrusion—thereby achieving over 90% material efficiency. Besides demonstrating technical feasibility, the project emphasizes how campus-scale circular systems can reduce waste, lower costs, and serve as educational models for sustainable manufacturing. This initiative provides a replicable framework for universities and small-scale fabrication facilities seeking to incorporate circular economy principles into their operations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Catherine Kirch, Daniel Saloni
Pulp & Paper Manufacturing: The Best Kept Secret on the Global Sustainability Stage
When the public is asked to name the most globally sustainable industries, they typically respond with solar, wind, geothermal, or EVs. Yet, who would ever imagine the pulp & paper industry, which is often caricatured as a relic, is in fact one of the largest and most secretly sustainable manufacturing sectors. Its entire infrastructure and operations are built on replenishable forests and powered by renewable energy streams to produce recyclable, biodegradable products. The pulp & paper industry has a story that deserves retelling in the age of sustainability metrics and ESG frameworks. Our editorial embarks on a short simple journey to reframe pulp & paper not as a legacy industry, but as a model for sustainable manufacturing by using a clear, quantifiable system to demonstrate its global environmental impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ben Thorp, Daniel Saloni, Lucian Lucia
Navigating the Lignocellulosic Frontier: Accelerating Sustainable Bioresource Solutions
Lignocellulosic biomass provides a sustainable substitute for fossil resources in energy, materials, and products. This editorial highlights important developments in biotechnological and bioprocessing methods while analyzing the present pace and trajectory of lignocellulosic valorization. Despite encouraging developments, there are still many obstacles to widespread adoption, such as sociopolitical acceptance, economic viability, and technical complexity. To overcome these obstacles and to hasten the necessary shift to a genuinely sustainable bioeconomy, there is a vital need for integrated biorefinery approaches, sophisticated feedstock engineering, and encouraging policy frameworks. This editorial emphasizes how urgent it is to work together in order to fully utilize lignocellulosic resources.
Humins: Still-unknown Antagonists in Polysaccharides Valorisation
Among the primary objectives of modern biorefineries is the production of furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural, and their derivatives, which are key compounds for the synthesis of widely used fine chemicals, including plastics and other everyday materials. However, the industrial development of these processes is hindered by the formation of unwanted by-products, most notably humins. Humins are highly cross-linked macromolecules of complex nature with limited technological applications. This editorial offers a brief overview of the “humin issue”, discussing the challenges posed by these materials from an analytical perspective. Despite considerable efforts towards their characterization, the structure of these materials remains largely unresolved, representing an ongoing challenge for green chemistry and the optimization of biorefinery processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nicolo Pajer, Claudia Crestini
Opportunities and Challenges of Biomass-based Electromagnetic Shielding Materials
Biomass with its abundance, renewability, and processability has been extensively studied and utilized for developing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials as an alternative to non-renewable metal-based EMI shielding materials. This editorial briefly discusses biomass and EMI materials, emphasizing the natural advantages of biomass for EMI shielding materials and current limitations. Finally, future research directions and challenges are predicted, providing insights to promote the development of biomass-based EMI shielding materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jinlong Zhang, Shiyu Fu