BioResources publishes research articles, review articles, and editorials on topics related to the science of cellulosic substances and their uses in such fields as composites, paper, engineered wood, bioenergy, etc. To help speed up the process, authors use a template. The journal staff pre-edit the English in each article before the peer-review process starts. Why you should publish with BioResources: Research published open-access & authors retaining copy rights Low publication fee, with comprehensive editing service included Efficient peer-review process & open access platform Impact factor 1.747 (Clarivate), ~ 600 published articles per year Efficient peer-review process; articles published fast after acceptance Ranked #2 in Wood Sci. & Technol. (Google Scholar—https://bit.ly/33GVdOZ) Authors retain copy rights University-based journal; excess funds only support student scholarships Technical Editor: Martin A. Hubbe, Professor, North Carolina State University, hubbe@ncsu.edu Managing Editor: Lucian A. Lucia, Professor, North Carolina State University, lucia-bioresources@ncsu.edu The main publication website of BioResources is as follows: https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/ The "Open Journal Systems" website that you are viewing now is primarily intended for: (a) submission of articles after careful preparation, following the Author instructions and using a template; (b) management of the peer-reviewing process; and (c) distribution of journal content to participating database services.
NC State University, Dept. of Forest Biomaterials
Advances in Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
Amid the global energy crisis and the pursuit of carbon neutrality, biomass-derived carbon materials (BDCs) have emerged as promising sustainable candidates for energy applications due to their abundant sources, tailorable hierarchical porosity/heteroatom doping, and remarkable properties. This review systematically summarizes recent advances (2020 to 2025) in BDCs for supercapacitors, secondary batteries (lithium/ sodium/potassium-ion), and electrocatalysis (ORR/OER/HER/CO₂RR). The review focuses on the synthesis-structure-performance correlation, highlighting how pore architecture, heteroatom incorporation, and morphology govern electrochemical performance. Key challenges including precursor inconsistency, imperfect structure control, and scalability in sustainable production are critically assessed. Future prospects are proposed, including machine-learning-guided material design, in situ/operando mechanistic studies, and practical device integration. This work offers insightful guidance for the rational design of BDCs toward practical energy storage and conversion systems.
Enzyme-Assisted Valorization of Plant Bioresources for Functional Bioproducts. A review
Plant bioresources are an abundant, sustainable, and underutilized source of essential bioactive substances for use in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical sectors. The increased demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly processing technologies has fueled interest in enzyme-assisted valorization as a greener alternative to traditional extraction methods. This review emphasizes the relevance of plant bioresources and functioning bioproducts, particularly the use of enzymes in green extraction methods. The many kinds of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes that contribute to biomass valorization are described, as well as their modes of action. Uses of enzyme-assisted extraction in the production of functional bioproducts are discussed, followed by a review of commercial scale-up issues, economic feasibility, and regulatory implications. In terms of sustainability, selectivity, and environmental effect, enzyme-assisted approaches can outperform traditional, microwave, ultrasound, and pressurized liquid extraction procedures. Enzymes can selectively break down complex polysaccharides and phenolic chemicals. Challenges persist in enzyme cost, capacity, and regulatory barriers. Future studies should focus on optimizing enzyme combinations, increasing cost-efficiency through enzyme recycling, and combining enzymatic approaches with other green technologies to improve sustainability. Furthermore, broadening the spectrum of feedstocks and guaranteeing compliance with industry norms will be critical for widespread industrial use of enzyme-assisted procedures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanan Moawad, Sulaiman A. Alsalamah, Mohammed Ibrahim Alghonaim, Wafa Abudayah, Medhat A. El-Naggar, Abdullah M. Almotayri
Transforming Date Palm Agro-Waste into Organic Compost: A Review of Sustainable Farming Systems
Sustainable management of agricultural residues is essential to address environmental degradation and promote soil health, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), which is widely cultivated in these areas, generates substantial organic waste, including leaves, stems, seeds, and fibers. Traditional disposal practices such as open burning and landfilling contribute to pollution and the loss of valuable organic matter. Composting offers a promising, environmentally friendly solution by converting date palm biomass into nutrient-rich organic amendments that improve soil structure, enhance fertility, and increase crop yields. This review examines the potential of composting as a sustainable strategy for valorizing date palm agro-waste. It discusses the composting process, nutrient content, and effects on soil properties, microbial communities, and plant growth. The review also highlights challenges such as quality control, scalability, and policy support, while emphasizing the role of composting in reducing chemical fertilizer use, enhancing carbon sequestration, and promoting circular agriculture systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amal Bouzidi, Samir Tlahig, Yassine Yahia , Walid Elfalleh
Recent Applications of Peat Resources Utilization and Its Environmental Impacts Mitigation – A Review
In this paper, the pathway from peat resources to their various forms of utilization, to their environmental impacts, and to their mitigation is discussed. Overall, research gaps related to various fields of peat studies are identified and recommendations for future research are presented. Global peat reserves are large, but they remain mostly unused. Peat can also be valorized in various less GHG-intensive applications beyond combustion. Heterogenocity of peat may constraint many of these uses, warranting new innovations to support their feasibility. The theme of GHG emissions from peatlands is complex. The future of northern peatlands as carbon sinks remains uncertain. Paludiculture, an emerging research field, and its GHG mitigation potential is also discussed. When discussing peat production, one of its main adverse effects typically disclosed is its impact on the water quality of natural aquatic systems. Thus, different traditional and novel peat bog drainage water treatment methods are extensively compared with each other — a topic not previously presented in the literature. Peatland restoration and its novel applications, as well as economic aspects, are also addressed. Socioeconomic aspects of peat use, closely linked to climate, food, and rural livelihoods, are currently under vigorous research, and are also examined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ville Kuokkanen , Matti Kuokkanen , Hanna Prokkola
Next Generation Bioplastics Based on Renewable Resources and Their Potential Applications
Challenges associated with the recyclability and end-of-life management of plastics are leading to a search for more environmentally friendly alternatives. The amount of conventional plastic that is recycled represents a tiny percentage of what is made. Most is sent to landfills or simply accumulates in the environment, which presents a challenge due to the generation of micro- and nanoplastics. Next-generation bioplastics have emerged as an option in recent years. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, thermoplastic starch, lignocellulosic biocomposites, protein-based materials, seaweed, among others, can be regarded as promising alternatives to conventional plastics. These materials are innovative; some, such as polylactic acid and thermoplastic starch, are already established in the market, while others have recently gained ground in various sectors, including lignocellulosic biocomposites in the automotive industry and bioplastics based on marine algae for food packaging. However, this transition should not be limited to replacement. The study analyzes recent advances in next-generation bioplastics, including classification and potential applications. The study also explores key challenges and regulatory perspectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nanci Ehman, Pamela Soledad Cuenca, María Evangelina Vallejos, María Cristina Area
Is there Still Room for Hypothetical Ideas and Simple Experiments in Modern Research?
Scientific progress has never been driven solely by perfect data or bullet-proof methods. Rather, it has been propelled by imagination—by researchers’ willingness to observe the world and ask, "What if?" Yet, according to my experience, the contemporary research landscape often suggests that speculation is suspicious, simple investigation methods are inadequate, and acceptance of submitted manuscript is reserved for those employ the most elaborate investigation methods, at least in high impact journals. This editorial argues that these trends risk narrowing the boundaries of inquisitiveness and creating even more unequal opportunities based on the financial wealth of individual researchers and institutions. The scientific method is not a ritual of complexity, but rather a disciplined form of curiosity. If we lose sight of this, we may end up optimizing precision at the expense of inspiration.
Integration of 1st and 2nd Generation Bioethanol Fuel Production: Opportunities and Limitations
Bioethanol currently is the most widely used transport biofuel in the world. At present, it is mainly produced from starch-rich grains and sugar cane (the first generation bioethanol fuel). Starch and sugars from existing food materials limit its feedstock supply, and its sustainable production is facing great challenges. Production of bioethanol fuel from the lignocellulosical materials (the second generation bioethanol fuel) has aroused great interest in recent decades because the lignocellulosical materials, such as agricultural and forestry wastes and organic industrial wastes, are abundant, widely available, and inexpensive. However, its large-scale industrial production is still not economically feasible because of high pretreatment and enzyme costs, as well as low ethanol final concentration and yield, based on current technology. Some recent studies indicate that the integration of the first and second generation of bioethanol fuel production can increase the final ethanol concentration and yield, reduce the enzyme and water usage, and effectively improve its process economy. This editorial will give a brief discussion on the integration of the first and second generation of bioethanol fuel production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhanye Xv, Xingyang Xv, Shengdong Zhu, Guiying Wu, Fang Jin
Transparent Wood or Bamboo Composites as a Suitable Topic for College-level Education, Research, and Outreach Activities in the Next Decade
Due to societal interest in reducing carbon emissions, transparent wood has attracted increasing attention since 2016. Research on transparent wood composites has become a hot spot in the forest product field. Many challenges and limitations still need to be addressed, involving large-dimensional manufacturing, weak interfacial bonding, difficult three-dimensional tunable, and insufficient optical transmittance. A series of student-led projects is proposed in this editorial to address these barriers. A further goal in transparent wood composite development is to replace single-use plastics (e.g. polyethylene terephthalate food containers). It is proposed to Integrate transparent wood composite research into the education and outreach activities of wood science and forestry university programs.
Priority Dissolution of Hemicellulose and its Subsequent Value-added Utilization along with High Activity Lignin
In lignocellulosic biorefineries, efficiently and cleanly deconstructing the stubborn structure of plant cell walls to achieve component separation remains a research hotspot. Among these, the high-value utilization of lignin is limited by its purity and condensed structure. Traditional pretreatment strategies have predominantly focused on “forceful cell wall disruption,” directly targeting lignin itself for removal or dissolution. However, recent research on two-step sequential biomass deconstruction is guiding us toward a more sophisticated paradigm: the preferential and deep dissolution of hemicellulose can serve as a “switch” that triggers subsequent efficient and selective dissolution of lignin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Penghui Li, Yuliang He, Shubin Wu, Tiantian Li
Reusing Timber for a Circular, Low-Carbon Future: Challenges and the Path Forward
Load-bearing timber is usually not reused in a second structural application after its first service life, not due to proven inadequacy, but largely because prevailing standards recognize only first-use material. When buildings are dismantled, the recovered timber is typically routed toward energy recovery, re- or down-cycling, or disposal, while functionally equivalent components for new construction are manufactured from newly harvested logs. The current regulatory framework favors virgin timber, even where reused elements could technically perform the same structural functions. Therefore, one of the primary barriers to structural timber reuse is the absence of codified pathways for qualification, certification, and market acceptance.
What do Consumers Understand and Perceive about Plastic Food Packaging? An Exploratory Study in Argentina
Single-use plastic food packaging is a practical, safe, and economical solution to food transportation and conservation. However, there is growing concern about its environmental impact. In Argentina, discussions around sustainability and consumption habits have gained prominence, leading consumers to reconsider and reduce their use of fossil-based plastics in food packaging. However, it remains challenging to determine whether consumer perception reflects conditional acceptance or signals a paradigm shift.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agustina Ponce de León, Nanci Ehman, María Cristina Area
Reevaluating Safety Margins in Corrugated Board Packaging
Safety margins have long been a cornerstone of corrugated board packaging design, serving as a practical buffer against uncertainty in material properties, loading conditions, and environmental exposure. Traditionally, these margins have been expressed as single conservative factors derived from standardized laboratory tests and simplified analytical models. While effective in ensuring robustness, such an approach increasingly reveals its limitations. Modern logistics systems are characterized by strong variability, time-dependent effects, and growing pressure to reduce material consumption. This work argues that classical safety margins should be reconsidered not as fixed scalar values, but as dynamic, context-dependent constructs. A conceptual shift is proposed, moving from static safety factors toward a multidimensional safety landscape that reflects the combined influence of climate, time, geometry, and logistics-specific loading scenarios. Emerging tools in numerical modeling, sensing technologies, and data-driven analysis provide the foundation for this transition. The paper outlines the implications of such reframing for sustainable packaging design and highlights how a more nuanced understanding of safety margins can simultaneously improve reliability and reduce material overdesign.
Historical Anatomy of Sacred Statuary in Brazil: Wood Anatomy and Physical Properties
Wood was a principal source material used in the making of sacred statuary in Brazil during the 16th and 19th centuries. Artisans used timber in the sacred carpentry based on the singular properties of the wood and the locally available forestry bioresources. The present study aimed to evaluate the wood species used in sacred statuary and to show how some wood properties relate to this carpentry. Based on original data and specialized literature, the results demonstrate the use of 17 preferred wood species, with Cedrela sp. (Meliaceae) as the most notable. This wood species presents low density, texture, and secondary metabolites that facilitate manual work and protect against xylophagous attack. Additionally, the sweet odor of this wood symbolizes sacred knowledge. Hence it can be concluded that cedar is a historically important wood for the making of sacred statuary in all Brazilian regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joao Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior
Can Postage Stamps Reveal Brazil’s Forest Bioresources?
Postage stamps can reveal the communication between different fields of knowledge, transforming elements of nature into emblems for the representation of biodiversity, economic resources, national identity, and the cultural identity of countries. Brazilian philatelic issues that represent timber species express the dialogue between forest resources and the bioeconomy. The historical relationship between man, his territory, and the use of forest resources is established through visual records of the management, use, and valorization of Brazilian timbers over time. This editorial seeks to demonstrate how postage stamps become instruments for publicizing the country’s timber potential and how they disseminate knowledge about the diversity of species of economic interest.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adalberto Schweger de Souza Júnior , Joao Carlos Ferreira Melo Júnior
Historical Woods and Public Policies for the Conservation of National Built Monuments in Brazil
Historical timbers constitute bio-resources that faithfully attest to ancestral knowledge concerning forests and the evolution of technological and cultural understanding associated with the use of wood. Timber is a ubiquitous component of many historical buildings. While significant policies guide interventions on this type of cultural property, gaps persist within the Brazilian context. The present study aims to problematize public preservation policies and propose strategies to address the disposal of historical timbers during interventions in the built heritage. The importance of botanical studies is underscored, as well as the necessity of establishing mandatory safeguarding mechanisms—specifically, the deposition of replaced timber (due to pathological issues in historical buildings) in a specialized scientific collection. This measure serves to register the knowledge and practices that connect the cultural past with the present.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joao Carlos Ferreira Melo Júnior, Eliandro Jaques-Gonçalves
Comparative Evaluation of Hot Air and Ultrasonic Sealing in Paper Cup Manufacturing
Consistent heat sealing is a critical aspect of paper cup manufacturing, ensuring both liquid tightness and a visually appealing finish. Given the high production volumes in the disposable cup industry, optimizing energy consumption while maintaining good seal quality is critical to minimize waste and resource use. A mechanical testing device for quantifying the side seal strength of finished cups was developed to replace the subjective hand-peel method. Unlike laboratory testing with pre-sealed samples, the proposed test method accounts for stresses imposed on the seal area during the converting process. The device allowed for the objective comparison of cup side seals produced from two different materials sealed using two different technologies: ultrasonic and hot air. The experiments yielded largely consistent results and offered insights into material-specific behaviors in the cup manufacturing process, which involves shorter heating, cooling, and forming cycles than those in other coated paperboard conversion processes. In addition, ultrasonic sealing was shown to have an advantage in sealing consistency over hot-air sealing. The developed test method showed potential as a repeatable evaluation tool for side seal strength in finished paper cups, facilitating quality control across high-speed production lines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juho Bonifer, Antti Pesonen, Panu Tanninen, Ville Leminen
Preparation of Sunflower Straw Cellulose Nanofibers/ Poly(lactic acid)/ Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composites by Co-precipitation and Hot-pressing
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a rigid biopolymer, while poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is a flexible biodegradable polymer. To comprehensively enhance the mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT composites, sunflower straw cellulose nanofibers (SSCNFs) were isolated from sunflower straw (SS) via TEMPO oxidation treatments and used as reinforcement. Using a PLA/PBAT blend (60:40 by mass) as the matrix, SSCNFs-reinforced PLA/PBAT composites were prepared using a co-precipitation and hot-pressing method. The morphology and structure of the SSCNFs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nanoparticle size and zeta potential analysis. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were tested. The tensile and flexural properties of the composites were improved with increasing SSCNFs content. When the SSCNF content was 16 wt%, the composites reached a tensile strength of 20.06 ± 0.61 MPa (an 11.69% enhancement), a tensile modulus of 732.57 ± 42.72 MPa (a 56.64% enhancement), a flexural strength of 31.76 ± 0.54 MPa (a 20.21% enhancement), and a flexural modulus of 2030.42 ± 36.37 MPa (a 77.50% enhancement). Although thermal stability and water absorption were slightly decreased, UV shielding capacity and hydrophobicity were enhanced. The prepared composites exhibited well-balanced overall performance and potential for replacing traditional commercial polymers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yueru Wang, Zhenyu Chen, Ziming Zhao, Guichang Jiang
Springback and Wrinkle Control in Deep Drawing of Paperboard with Segmented Blank Holder
Deep drawing of paperboard enables highly productive forming processes for packaging products made of a recyclable material. However, the inherent anisotropy and low elasticity of paperboard pose challenges for deep drawing processes, especially resulting in direction-dependent springback and wrinkling of the formed parts. This paper presents an approach that addresses these challenges by using a segmented blank holder. The goal is to improve component quality both locally and globally by applying different blank holder forces to each segment. To this end, a concept is presented for a pneumatically driven segmented blank holder, along with two different forming geometries. Deep-drawing tests with segment-specific blank holder force distributions were performed and compared with those using a conventional blank holder. Although segmentation of the blank holder did not improve performance when the force per segment was identical, an uneven force distribution was able to improve forming in terms of shape accuracy and wrinkle pattern. Depending on the selected force distribution, significant compensation for springback anisotropy and the creation of wrinkle-free straight areas was shown to be possible.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cédric Brunk, Peter Groche
Sustainable Production of Potato Pulp-derived Cellulose Nanocrystals with Enhanced Heavy Metal Adsorption and Biocompatibility: A Comparative Study with Conventional Feedstocks
Potato pulp was demonstrated to be a superior lignocellulosic feedstock for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) production, addressing critical limitations of conventional potato peel-derived CNCs. CNCs with 90.6% cellulose content and 73.4% crystallinity through optimized chemical processing, surpassed peel-based CNCs (70% to 75%) while requiring 33% shorter hydrolysis time. The resulting CNCs demonstrated exceptional thermal stability (315 °C vs. 290 to 300 °C for peel) and adsorption capacity for Pb²⁺ (7.15 mg/g), While recent advanced chemical treatments of potato peel (e.g., intensive esterification, phosphorylation) have reported very high adsorption capacities (e.g., ~217 mg/g for Pb²⁺) for effective drug-carrier functionality, these achievements often come at the cost of process complexity, chemical intensity, and potential impacts on biocompatibility. In contrast, the pulp-derived CNCs achieved effective heavy metal removal, promising drug loading potential through a markedly simpler and less chemically intensive standard sulfation process. This efficiency is attributed to the feedstock's inherent advantages: a significantly lower lignin content (0.65% vs. 5.2 to 20% in peel) and a high sulfate group density (zeta potential: −39.9 mV), which enhances colloidal stability and available binding sites. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed superior biocompatibility at concentrations up to 2000 µg/mL, outperforming peel-derived CNCs (typically >500 µg/mL).
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahimeh Mohammadpanah, Rabi Behrooz, Mahsa Pooyan, Roohollah Roohzadeh
Effects of Improved Saline-Alkali Soil with Synergistic Addition of Coal Slime and Silica Calcium Slag on Wheat Growth
The feasibility was explored for synergistic addition of coal slime and silica calcium slag for saline-alkali soil improvement. A pot method was used to evaluate the effects on physicochemical properties of saline-alkali soil and wheat growth. The results demonstrated that the density and bulk density of saline-alkali soil were reduced with the synergistic additions, but the water content and the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil were increased. The emergence and growth height of wheat seedlings was found to be effectively improved. In terms of the emergence, no matter what proportion of M-G (coal slime: silica calcium slag ratio) was used, the emergence of wheat was greater than 70% when the addition amount was at 20%. In terms of seedling length, when the aggregate addition reached 35%, the high coal slime content (M-G 3:1) did not play a greater role in fostering the development of wheat. Therefore, with M-G 1:1, 35% addition of the soil can meet the growth needs of wheat in the early stage. In summary, the synergistic addition of coal slime and silica calcium slag has a promising application in the field of saline-alkali soil improvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruixin An, Xinyang Wang, Boda Zhang, Xiaolin Yan
Graphene-Starch based Electrodes for Flexible Sensing Applications
Flexible and sustainable electrode platforms are essential for the development of eco-friendly sensing devices. In this work, interdigitated electrodes (IDE) were fabricated via 3D-printed mold using graphene conductive ink on thermoplastic starch (TPS) films derived from sugar palm starch. The TPS films were prepared through solution casting with 30 wt% glycerol as a plasticizer, followed by the casting of graphene conductive ink onto the TPS substrate using 3D-printed molds with finger spacings of 1 to 3 mm. Morphological analysis revealed a well-distributed graphene layer with a thickness of 32.9 µm on the TPS film, which enhances mechanical stability and ensures high electrical conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) increased from 8.46 × 10⁵ Ω to 3.36 × 10⁶ Ω as electrode finger spacing increased from 1 mm to 3 mm which highlights the influence of gap on electron transfer. These findings confirm that biodegradable TPS substrates combined with graphene inks yield low-cost, flexible, and conductive electrodes with strong potential for electrochemical sensing applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Fadhilah Rahmat, Siti Aisyah Mohd Radzuan, Atiqah Mohd Afdzaluddin, Gongtao Ding, Chin Hua Chia, Mohd Shaiful Sajab
Ecofriendly Production of CuO/ZnO Nanocomposites from Guava Leaf Biomass and their Antimicrobial and Selective Anticancer Activities
Psidium guajava leaf extract was utilized to produce CuO NPs and CuO/ZnO nanocomposites in this work. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the proper phase of the synthesized sample, and using Scherrer's equation, the mean crystallite sizes were calculated to be 13.05 nm and 13.07 nm for CuO nanoparticles (NPs) and CuO/ZnO nanocomposite, respectively. From transmission electron microscopy images and particle size distribution from ImageJ, the samples had larger sizes of 84.6 nm and 96.6 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy also indicated the successful fabrication of the CuO NPs and CuO/ZnO nanocomposite, as the IR spectrum showed peaks at 611 and 521 cm⁻¹ for Cu–O and Zn–O, respectively. The biological activities were found to be higher for the CuO/ZnO nanocomposite than the CuO NPs alone. The inhibition zones recorded were 28 mm and 25 mm for Bacillus. subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, followed by 24 mm and 21 mm for Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The nanocomposite exhibited selective cytotoxicity properties because the IC₅₀ values for Wi38 (normal human fibroblast cells) and SKOV3 (human ovarian carcinoma cells) were 295.48 and 81.87 µg/mL, respectively. Antioxidant analysis of (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was found to be 6.93 µg/mL for the nanocomposite.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulaiman Alsalamah, Mohamed M. Alawlaqi, Mari Sumayli, Sultan Mohammed Areshi, Yehia Hazzazi, Mohammed Ibrahim Alghonaim, Abdullah M. Almotayri
WD-SEG: A Deep Learning Framework for Delicate and Accurate Wood Defect Segmentation
Precise segmentation of subtle wood defects is crucial for optimizing wood utilization and product value. Despite the prevalence of deep learning in wood defect detection, its deployment in real-world forestry environments is impeded by three primary challenges: 1: The limited capacity of traditional models to represent low-contrast, faint defect features; 2: feature ambiguity caused by complex background interference; and 3: entrapment in local optima because of insufficient global feature integration. To surmount these obstacles, this study proposes WD-SEG (Wood Defect Segmentation), a high-performance model tailored for complex forestry scenarios. The architecture integrates three core modules: an Augmented Feature Network (AFN) to mitigate spatial information loss; a Threshold Filtering Network (TFN), which leverages cosine similarity to adaptively suppress background noise; and a novel Interstellar Collision Optimization (ICO) algorithm to accelerate convergence and bypass local optima. Experimental evaluations on the wood defect training dataset demonstrate that WD-SEG outperforms state-of-the-art models, achieving an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 87.97% and an accuracy of 90.02%. Furthermore, generalization tests on wood defect datasets confirm the model’s robustness, yielding an IoU of 86.50%. By introducing a novel “Enhance-Filter-Accelerate” framework, this study provides a precise, robust solution for automated wood quality inspection in resource-constrained environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Junlin Qu, Yan Pang, Zhongwei Wang
Microhabitat-driven Variation in Fruit Yield of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) in a Mediterranean Ecosystem
Effects of microhabitat were studied relative to the growth and fruit yield of Cornus mas L. (Cornelian cherry) populations in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Two contrasting natural habitats were compared: rocky slopes and streamside environments in southwestern Türkiye. A total of 60 mature trees (30 per habitat) were sampled during the 2025 growing season. Tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height (DBH), crown diameter, age, fruit number, and total fruit weight were measured to assess growth and yield responses.The results revealed pronounced habitat-related differences in reproductive performance. Trees growing in rocky habitats produced approximately 60% more fruits and 85% higher total fruit yield compared with those in streamside habitats. Analysis of variance indicated that habitat effects were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for most growth and yield traits, except for tree height and crown diameter. Correlation analyses demonstrated strong positive relationships between growth parameters and fruit yield, with basal diameter emerging as the most reliable predictor of reproductive output. Rocky habitats appeared to provide more favorable conditions for fruit production, likely due to improved drainage, enhanced light availability, and reduced interspecific competition. The study provides valuable insights for the sustainable management, conservation, and potential cultivation of C. mas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebru Hatice Tığlı Kaytanlioğlu
Sodium Periodate Mediated Oxidative Extraction of Polysaccharide-derived Structures from Wood Biomass: Influence of Reaction Time and Oxidation Conditions in Birch and Spruce
Sodium periodate (NaIO4) oxidation was used as a direct method to recover soluble wood components, primarily hemicelluloses, from untreated birch and spruce biomass. Through monitoring the reaction over time and at different oxidant-to-biomass ratios, the study elucidated the relationship between periodate consumption, aldehyde formation, and polysaccharide solubilization. A rapid initial uptake of the oxidant led to aldehyde generation and the extraction of hemicellulosic fractions, mainly xylan-rich in birch and glucomannan-rich in spruce followed by a decreasing (detectable) oxidizing effect likely due to further conversions of introduced aldehydes. Fourier transform infrared and heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed structural modifications consistent with monosaccharide ring opening and further conversions of created aldehydes. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed the expected accompanying chain cleavage of the affected structures. Together, these findings demonstrate both the potential and complexity of using periodate oxidation for simultaneous extraction and functionalization of wood polysaccharides, emphasizing the need for proper optimization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucas Kurth de Azambuja, Merima Hasani
Nanoindentation of Phase-Specific Elastic Modulus in Virgin and Recycled HDPE Wood–Plastic Composites
The structural behavior of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites depends largely on the efficiency of stress transfer at the fiber–matrix interface. However, accurate determination of the interface thickness and its mechanical properties remains challenging in such materials. This study aimed to characterize the interface thickness and evaluate the elastic modulus of composites produced with virgin and recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrices. Nanoindentation was employed to determine the elastic modulus of each composite phase (wood fiber, interface, and matrix) individually, through sequential indentations performed across the wood fiber-interface-matrix regions. The mean elastic modulus values for the wood fiber, interface, and matrix in the 20/80 composite (20% wood fibers and 80% virgin HDPE) were 7.51, 6.17, and 2.26 GPa, respectively. For the recycled HDPE composite, the corresponding values were 8.16, 5.82, and 1.86 GPa. The mean interface thickness was 2.5 µm in the virgin-matrix composite and 0.63 µm in the recycled-matrix composite. These results demonstrate that the recycling of the polymer matrix influences both the interfacial structure and the local mechanical performance of natural fiber reinforced composites.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pablo Moreno, Aldo Ballerini, Paulina Valenzuela, William Gacitúa, Jorge Chávez
Bletilla striata Confers Antibacterial Activity and Pulmonary Protection in Senile Pneumonia Through Sortase A Inhibition
Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a serious threat to the elderly due to weakened immunity and limited treatment efficacy. This study investigates the antibacterial activity and therapeutic potential of Bletilla striata ethanolic extract (BSE) in a rat model of pneumococcal pneumonia. BSE demonstrated selective antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae (MIC: 1.25 mg/mL) and significantly inhibited Sortase A (SrtA), a key bacterial virulence factor. In vivo, BSE improved body weight, reduced lung wet/dry ratios, and lowered serum ALP and LDH levels. It also diminished inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. Antioxidant markers SOD and GSH increased, while MDA levels declined. Histological analysis showed preserved lung architecture with reduced edema and cellular infiltration. Mechanistically, BSE suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. These findings indicate that BSE offers a dual benefit—direct antimicrobial action and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress—highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic for elderly patients with pneumonia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhaojuan Ma, Qinyan An, Yuhong Qin, Haipeng Mu, Canye Zhong
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Düzce Watershed (Türkiye) and Sustainable Remedies through Aquatic Flora
Heavy metal pollution in the Düzce watershed of Türkiye was assessed and the phytoremediation potential of native aquatic plants was evaluated. The majority of heavy metals were found in water within legal limits, except for cadmium concentrations, which exceeded water quality standards; the main pollution load was accumulated in bottom sediments. Dominant wetland plants were analyzed to establish species-specific and tissue-specific metal accumulation patterns. Key species included Plantago major and Paspalum distichum with impressive copper accumulation capacity that may possibly classify them as good candidates for biomonitoring and phytoremediation applications. The results scientifically substantiate the use of local aquatic vegetation for ecological restoration efforts throughout Türkiye and similar regions as it pertains not merely to pollution mitigation but also a circular economy via the metal-accumulating plant biomass, which can serve these species afterward as sustainable resources for bioenergy production and biobased materials after phytoremediation activities. This brings forth new approaches to thinking about cleaning up an environment while recovering resources from polluted water ecosystems at the same time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmet Ayteğin, Mehmet Özcan
Modification of Lignin-derived Activated Carbon with Surfactants for Removal of Phenol
Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from Kraft lignin and was modified with four surfactants of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (LABSA), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB). The structure of modified ACs were characterized with BET, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. Then, the effects of pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions were evaluated. The results showed that the highest percentage of adsorption and resistance to saturation is achieved using batch and continuous systems for AC/CAPB at the optimum pH of 8.0. High recovery percentage was also observed for AC/CAPB when ethanol was used as a regeneration solvent. It was also found that adsorption/desorption of phenol is a pH-dependent process. It is concluded that lignin-derived AC modified with CAPB as an amphoteric surfactant performs well in removing phenol from aqueous solution in comparison with pure AC and ACs treated with cationic and anionic surfactants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amir Mohammadpour Tesieh, Mohammad Azadfallah, Yahya Hamzeh, Ahmad Hallajisani
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood-Based Sandwich Panels Reinforced with Basalt, Glass Fiber Fabric, and Jute Fabric
Physical and mechanical properties were investigated for wood-based sandwich panels reinforced with basalt fiber fabric (BFF), glass fiber fabric (GFF), and jute fabric (JF). The panels consist of oriented strand board (OSB) cores and beech plywood facings, with reinforcements bonded by polyurethane adhesive. Properties analyzed included screw withdrawal strength (SWS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), density , and modulus of rupture (MOR). Results showed that reinforcement type significantly influenced panel performance. Jute fabric reinforcement yielded the highest stiffness (MOE of 1810 N/mm²) compared to unreinforced panels (1500 N/mm²). The BFF-reinforced panels exhibited the greatest bending strength (MOR of 62.17 N/mm²), while unreinforced panels had the lowest (53.4 N/mm²). All reinforced panels demonstrated improved SWS over unreinforced ones. Overall, reinforcing wood-based sandwich panels with jute fabric, GFF, or BFF exhibited enhanced density, bending strength, and connection strength. Reinforcement materials, including synthetic options such as glass and basalt fibers, offer lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and mechanically superior materials widely used in engineering. Natural fibers, such as jute, provide environmentally friendly reinforcement with benefits such as renewability and good insulation but face variability issues due to natural factors. The BFF composites present a promising alternative with higher tensile strength and elastic modulus than GFF, making them effective reinforcements for wood-based sandwich panels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurrahman Karaman, Hikmet Yazıcı
Comparative Hydrolytic Approaches Using Bacterial Cellulases for Valorization of Pomegranate Peels Waste
The sustainable management of fruit waste offers both economic and environmental benefits, particularly in addressing the global energy crisis. This study explores the conversion of pomegranate peel waste (PPW) into bioethanol through acidic, enzymatic, and combined (acidic + enzymatic) hydrolysis followed by fermentation. Cellulolytic bacterial isolates Bacillus sp. CG2 and Bacillus manliponensis CA2 were used to perform enzymatic and combined hydrolysis of the PPW with cellulolytic potential of 0.27±0.011 and 0.265±0.05 IU, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at 50 °C with PPW, enzyme dosage, and acetate buffer for different time intervals while optimum conditions for acidic saccharified PPW were 6% H2SO4, 50 °C, 60 min. The combined hydrolysis approach used a 1:1 ratio of acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates, yielding maximum reducing and total sugar concentrations of 85.77±1.21 g/L and 179.18±3.42 g/L, respectively, after 96 h. Saccharomyces cerevisiae K7 and Metschnikowia cibodasensis Y34, was employed to ferment treated PPW hydrolysates. M. cibodasensis Y34 in combined hydrolysate produced the highest ethanol concentration (16.05 ± 0.66 g/L), with a fermentation efficiency of 83.8% and ethanol yield of 0.41 g/g. These findings highlighted the potential of integrated hydrolysis techniques for efficient bioethanol production from fruit waste.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusra Baig, Asma Chaudhary, Zawar Hussain, Rahat Abdul Rehman, Nageen Hussain, Ghulam Nabi, Maha AlHarbi, Ashwag Shami, Layla A. Alahmari, Fahad Al-Asmari
Fabrication of Anti-Counterfeiting Films by Dyeing Cellulose Nanofiber with Berberine
Incorporation of planchettes and use of films which are capable to take part in color-forming reactions are the common methods in fabricating security paper documents. In this paper, a novel cellulose nanofiber-based (CNF) films with high performance in optical properties were developed for use in anti-counterfeiting applications. In order to enhance dyeability of CNFs with eco-friendly cationic berberine, functional modification was carried out by in-situ polymerization along with grafting approach with acrylic acid (AA-g-CNF). Grafting achievement was demonstrated with determination of grafting percentage and further characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. Tensile strength impairment of AA-g-CNF films which was accompanied with alteration of crystallinity and partially changing the structure of cellulose I to cellulose II was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The variations of dyeing reaction time and temperature caused to alter color strength of CNFs due to different adsorption rate of berberine. It can be concluded that exhibition of appropriate appearance characteristics such as color, transparency and color strength make the berberine-dyed CNF films as a novel anti-counterfeiting element for application like security paper documents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammadreza Biabani, Mohammad Azadfallah, Soheila Izadyar, Morteza Sasani Ghamsari, Sabrine Tavakoli Mohseni
Thermal–Mechanical and Spectroscopic Analysis of Fast-growing Tropical Hardwoods Paraserianthes falcataria and Neolamarckia cadamba
Thermo-mechanical and chemical behaviour of two tropical plantation timbers, Batai (Paraserianthes falcataria) and Laran (Neolamarckia cadamba), were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DMA was conducted with a heating rate of 2 °C/min at frequencies of 1, 2, and 5 Hz. The results revealed frequency- and species-dependent differences in storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping factor (tan δ) across 25 to 250 °C. Batai exhibited lower stiffness but higher damping capacity, with sharper tan δ peaks corresponding to hemicellulose relaxations, whereas Laran demonstrated higher stiffness, broader transitions, and reduced damping due to its lignin-rich matrix. The glass transition temperature (Tg) determined from tan δ peaks was more distinct for Batai (95 to 102 °C) than Laran (83 to 126 °C), confirming contrasting relaxation behaviours. The FTIR spectra further distinguished the species: Batai showed sharper carbohydrate-associated peaks, indicating more crystalline cellulose domains, while Laran displayed stronger hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic absorbance linked to hemicellulose and lignin. Correlating DMA and FTIR findings highlighted that Batai’s greater damping arises from its accessible amorphous domains, while Laran’s enhanced stiffness stems from its crosslinked lignin–hemicellulose network.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norzarish Qistina Mohd Yusli, Yosafat Aji Pranata, Chee Beng Ong, Johari Zainudin, Nur Ilya Farhana Md Noh, Zakiah Ahmad
Simulation of Moisture-induced Shape Changes of Fused Layer Modeling (FLM) 3D Printed Wood/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites
In recent years, the variety of materials for fused layer modeling (FLM) 3D printing has expanded considerably, and new smart materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been added. Such SMPs enable so-called 4D printing, a programmable shape transformation of FLM 3D printed objects over time due to an external stimulus such as moisture or temperature. This paper addresses the processing of a specially fabricated climate-responsive wood/polylactic acid (PLA) composite using FLM 3D printing and the application of varying print directions for manufacturing programmable shape changing objects. In addition, this study is about developing a two-dimensional mathematical model based on the linear difference method to forecast accurately the moisture-induced deformation behaviour of 4D printed objects. Furthermore, the occurring deformations of the 4D printed objects were recorded using 3D scanning technology and compared with the simulated deformations from the mathematical model for validation purposes. With the help of the developed two-dimensional mathematical model, an exact reproduction of the deformation behaviour of 4D printed objects was made with a deviation percentage of always less than 6.5%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stefan Kain, Josef V. Ecker, Bettina Dorfner, Andreas Haider, Timothy M. Young, Thomas Schnabel, Maurizio Musso, Alexander Petutschnigg
Comparative Analysis of Stem and Branch Biometrics in Wood Samples from Apricot, Plum, and Cherry for Papermaking Applications
This study evaluated and compared the biometric properties of wood from three fruit tree species: apricot, plum, and cherry. Three healthy trees from each species were randomly selected and sampled from gardens in Shahriyar, Tehran Province, Iran. Biometric analysis was conducted on fiber samples taken from radial positions at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of the stem and branch radius. The Franklin method was used for fiber separation, and 30 fiber dimensions were measured per sample. The maximum fiber length was observed in apricot stem wood at 50% radius (1282 µm), and the minimum in apricot branch wood at 25% radius (835 µm). Across all three species, stem wood showed higher values for fiber length, slenderness coefficient, Runkel ratio, and rigidity ratio compared to branch wood. These properties generally increased from pith to bark, and the variations were statistically significant at the 99% confidence level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Milad Tajik, Hossein Kermanian, Esmaeil Rasooly Garmaroody, Omid Ramezani
Design and Evaluation of Wooden Furniture for Student Dormitories Based on User Needs
In recent years, the number of university students in China has increased, while dormitory furniture often fails to meet students' diverse needs. This study develops a hybrid FKANO-ANP-EW-TOPSIS model to design and evaluate dormitory beds, aiming to meet students' diverse needs while promoting the sustainable development of dormitory furniture. First, demand indicators were identified through interviews and a literature review. The Fuzzy KANO (FKANO) model was used to screen these indicators. Key indicators were then integrated into a network model based on the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to analyze their weights and interdependencies. The Entropy Weight (EW) method was combined to determine the final weights for each indicator. The results show that structural stability, storage capacity, and modular design have the highest weights. Modular design emerged as the core element, with sustainability as the foundational element in the core relationship chain. Based on this, three sustainable, multifunctional wooden dormitory bed designs were proposed. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to compare these designs with two popular products, identifying the optimal solution. This model offers a more comprehensive perspective for designing dormitory furniture, providing valuable insights for furniture manufacturers and designers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chaoran Deng, Hongzhao Yu, Ruiwen Qi, Min Qu
Compression-Drawing of Moisturized Paperboard: Experiments on Moisture and Temperature Dependencies
For the industrial production of paperboard packaging, knowledge about the process window of the forming operation is crucial information. This study presents how blank moisturization shifts the process window of a compression drawing process. A hydraulic press was utilized to draw circular cups, and their quality was evaluated by counts of defects and wrinkles. The experimental part further includes measurements of the materials’ friction and tensile properties. It was found that both blank moisturization and increased blankholder force increased the wrinkle count and therefore improved the forming quality. However, the combination of high blankholder force and blank moisturization did not lead to superior forming quality. Rather, there were structural defects in the samples. A multilinear regression model was developed to predict wrinkle quantity based on tool temperature, material moisture content, and blankholder force.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lena Berthold, Georg Steinert, Jens-Peter Majschak
Characterization of Guayule Resin as a Natural Wood Preservative: Carrier System and Leaching Rate Analysis
The environmental and health concerns of traditional preservatives have led to investigations into an effective solution for protecting wood products with preservatives from natural sources. Guayule resin, derived from the Parthenium argentatum plant, has been reported to be effective as a wood preservative due to its bioactive properties. However, its high viscosity, limited penetration, and unknown leaching behavior may affect its durability and efficiency. This study investigated guayule resin concentration and solvent carrier efficacy. Yellow poplar and southern pine specimens were treated with guayule resin at four concentrations in three different solvents including acetone, ethyl acetate, and toluene. The leaching test was performed according to the AWPA E11-16 standard. Significant interaction between solvent type and concentrations of guayule resin were found in both species in which a lower mass loss was observed when 5% concentration of guayule combined with toluene as compared to any other guayule concentrations in southern pine. On yellow poplar specimens, 0.5% concentration of guayule in combination with toluene exhibited lower mass loss as compared to any other guayule concentration. In conclusion, toluene was found to be the best performing polar carrier system for guayule resin, considering its functionality and dose-dependence in both species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abigael Laisa, Laya Khademibami, Carrlet Elizabeth Stokes, Seyed Abolghasem Fatemi, Rubin Shmulsky
Evaluation of 3D-Printed Pin Materials on the Deflection of Medium-density Fiberboard and Particleboard Shelves
The deflection behavior and safety performance were studied for medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB) shelves reinforced with metal, polylactic acid (PLA), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) pins. Experimental testing and finite element analysis (FEA) were used to assess the effects of shelf material, pin material, and filament color on the global mid-span deflection of the shelf, load capacity, and safety factors. Results indicated that MDF shelves exhibited lower deflection and higher load-bearing capacity than PB shelves, highlighting the importance of material density and homogeneity. Metal dowels provided the lowest deformation and highest safety factors for both shelf types, followed by PLA and PETG pins. Variations in filament color and pigment caused only minor differences in PLA pins, while finite element simulations closely matched the experimental results, confirming the reliability of computer-aided analysis for predicting deflection behavior and preventing material damage. Experiments conducted in accordance with BS EN 16122 (2012) and TS EN 9215 (2005) demonstrated that material and filament characteristics significantly affected deflection (R² = 96.1%, adjusted R² = 94.2%), and that MDF panels reinforced with high-strength, preferably metal, pins provide safe and durable shelf systems with a minimum safety factor of ≥ 2 to 3.
Mechanical Performance of L-Shaped Corner Joints Manufactured by 3D Printing with a Polylactic Acid–Wood Composite
Filaments were produced with eight different blends for use in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printers by adding 10% and 15% linden and oak wood flours as support materials to a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Wood polymer L-shaped connectors were printed from the produced filaments in the FDM printer. These L-shaped connectors were fixed to the particleboard corner joints to produce L-shaped corner joint specimens. These specimens were subjected to cross-compression and cross-tension tests using special molds in a universal testing machine to determine the effects of wood flour, wood species, and additive ratio on cross-compression and tensile moments. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetric analyses were performed to determine the thermal properties of the wood-polymer composites, while scanning electron microscope imaging was performed to determine their morphological structures. Additionally, the tensile strength of the composites was also determined. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the samples produced with different wood flour types and additive ratios were lower than those of pure PLA. However, in diagonal compression and diagonal tensile tests conducted using L-joint elements obtained from different wood species and printed on an FDM printer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yasemin Öztürk, Erol Burdurlu
Effect of Sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) Leaf Extract on Technological Properties of Pine (Pinus brutia)
The main objective of this research was to determine the retention properties of extracts obtained from the leaves of Liquidambar orientalis Mill., (belonging to the class of medicinal aromatic plants) to organic (ecological) wood structures, thereby creating an ecological wood preservative that could be preferred in a wide variety of applications. Wood samples were taken from red pine trees in the Köyceğiz Agla region. Then, 1%, 3%, and 5% solutions of the extract were prepared. Vacuum method was used as the impregnation method. After impregnation and conditioning, the experimental and control samples were tested for mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and dynamic bending strength, while physical properties such as air-dry and specific gravity tests were conducted. The highest retention value was found at a 5% concentration (1.13%), the highest air-dry specific gravity value at a 1% concentration (0.56 g/cm³), and the highest air-dry specific gravity at a 1% concentration (0.53 g/cm³). Among the mechanical properties, the highest bending strength value was determined at a 5% concentration (1.13%), the highest modulus of elasticity at 1% (9145 N/mm²), and the dynamic bending strength at a 3% concentration (0.27 kgm/cm²).
Copyright (c) 2026 Hatice Ulusoy, Hüseyin Peker, Sultan Şeyma Yılmaz
Simulation Study on the Static Characteristics of ‘Five-tier Outer Eave Column-head Dougong Bracket’ from Yanghe Tower in Yuan Dynasty
Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to investigate the static structural behavior of the ‘Five-tier Outer Eave Column-head Dougong bracket’ of the Yanghe Tower from the Yuan Dynasty. Based on GB/T standard testing results for the mechanical properties of Pinus sylvestris, an improved ANSYS orthotropic anisotropic model was established. The Hill yield criterion was applied to characterise the wood’s plasticity. The model was calibrated against experimental results in the literature. Through simulations of vertical monotonic loading (Z-axis) and horizontal low-cycle cyclic loading (Y-axis and X-axis), the structure's strength, deformation, and energy dissipation capacity were analysed. Results indicate that the maximum vertical bearing capacity at the interface between the Huagong-rear-end/Sandou interface reached 343 kN, with peak stress reaching 16.9 MPa. Horizontal loading produced symmetric hysteretic curves, with maximum horizontal thrusts of 737 kN (Y-axis) and 523 kN (X-axis). The ductility coefficients were 2.59 and 3.59 respectively, while equivalent viscous damping coefficients were 0.072 and 0.144. Vertical response conformed to a trilinear stiffness degradation model, whilst horizontal response followed a multilinear restoring force model. It was found that finite element analysis (FEA) provided an economical and reliable method for evaluating the mechanical performance of Dougong, offering significant reference value for the conservation of timber heritage structures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuanhe Li, Jiaji He, Lihong Yao
Adhesion of Coating Films on Laser Engraved Wood Surface
The adhesion of two coating systems – hard wax oil (oil-based) and PAM lak (water-based) – were evaluated on laser-engraved wood surfaces of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Laser engraving was performed at two laser powers (8% = 11 W; 16% = 22 W) and three raster densities (10, 20, and 30 lines·mm⁻¹) for each power level. Adhesion was assessed using the pull-off test. The oil-based coating generally showed lower adhesion to the wood surface compared to the water-based coating. In contrast, several combinations of engraving parameters on spruce (8 × 20) and oak wood (8 × 10, 16 × 10) increased oil-based adhesion but tended to reduce water-based adhesion. On the other hand, the adhesion of the water-based coating was significantly reduced on beech wood (16 × 30) and oak wood (8 × 30, 16 × 20 and 16 × 30). In some cases, adhesion of the water-based coating exceeded the cohesive strength of the modified wood surface layers, leading to cohesive failure within the wood.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriela Slabejová, Ivan Kubovský, Jarmila Schmidtová, Zuzana Vidholdová
Policies and Initiatives to Support the Increased Utilization of Urban and Reclaimed Wood in the United States
This study investigated initiatives to increase the utilization of urban and reclaimed wood across the United States. As society moves towards a circular economy, finding higher value uses for wood from urban trees and decommissioned buildings will contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of landfilling. It will also create jobs and business opportunities. The key findings of this study show policy and program implementation as critical tools for urban and reclaimed wood utilization, including various features in terms of organization, motivation, and funding. Different stakeholders have developed and implemented a wide variety of efforts to make the urban and reclaimed wood industry a fast-growing sector. Results showed that initiatives produce many positive environmental, social, and economic impacts, but that they require community engagement, extensive collaboration and partnerships, as well as unique operational approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omar Espinoza, Emerson Lindley, Sayofunmi Adegbembo
Geometry Control of Deep Drawn Paperboard Parts by Influencing the Stress-State of Semi-Finished Products
The transition towards sustainable packaging requires reliable forming processes for paperboard, but its anisotropic and hygroscopic nature strongly limits dimensional accuracy in processes such as deep drawing. This study addresses the aforementioned challenge by systematically investigating two complementary strategies: optimizing blank geometry and introducing pretension. A combination of numerical simulations with anisotropic, moisture-dependent plasticity, and experimental validation using a pneumatic press with additively manufactured tools was applied. The base-point method for blank optimization allowed for efficient reduction of flange length deviations and geometric errors by more than 55% in a first iteration and stable convergence within three optimization steps. Pretension strategies, applied either by mechanical pre-stretching or by exploiting hygroexpansion, also reduced anisotropic springback. Hygroexpansion-based pretension proved particularly effective by achieving more homogeneous stress distributions without additional equipment. The results demonstrated that these strategies can reduce springback and increase drawing depth while providing a reproducible approach. Optimized blank geometry ensures a more uniform distribution of blank-holder force, while pretension counteracts anisotropy-induced recovery. Together, these findings provide a pathway toward more accurate and scalable paperboard deep drawing, with relevance for industrial implementation of sustainable three-dimensional packaging.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nicola Jessen, Hana Kim, Sangeedan Sivanathan, Peter Groche
Enhanced Method for Digital Projection of Root Carving Paper Cultural Relics: Reconstruction and Rendering Optimization Based on 3D Gaussian Splatting
This study proposes a 3D reconstruction method based on 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) for cultural relics, such as root carvings and paper-based relics, which are characterized by fine fiber structures and complex surface details. A consumer-grade smartphone was used to capture multi-view images of the root carvings and paper-based relics. Subsequently, the FFmpeg tool was employed to extract image frames, which serve as input images. COLMAP software was utilized to perform feature matching, Structure from Motion (SfM) computation, and camera pose estimation. This process generated a sparse point cloud, which was used as the initialization data for the 3D Gaussian distribution. This workflow produced high-quality reconstruction of the micro-details of paper materials (such as fiber textures and carved indentations). Comparative evaluations were conducted against Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and Instant Neural Graphics Primitives (Instant-NGP). The proposed 3DGS framework achieved superior performance. Compared with NeRF, the average PSNR increased by 39.60%, SSIM by 65.84%, and LPIPS by 90.57%, while the reconstruction time was shortened by 68.89%. Compared with Instant-NGP, the framework achieved an increase of 31.56% in average PSNR, 42.58% in SSIM, a decrease of 89.21% in LPIPS, and a reduction of 48.15% in reconstruction time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Youming Wang, Nan Zhou, Zhixiong Zhang, Youwu Xu, Zeling Li, Wanhui Gao
Dual-User Crib Design Based on the SAPAD Model
To meet the needs of mothers and babies for using baby cribs, this study established a product design process integrating SAPAD theory and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) from the perspective of maternal-infant lifestyles. Information on mother-baby lifestyles obtained from user studies was analyzed through the SAPAD framework to examine the deep meanings of parenting behaviors and key crib-usage behaviors across different contexts. Cluster analysis and AHP were combined to first generate symmetric clustering matrices identifying meaning clusters, then conduct weight analysis with consistency testing to extract users’ core design needs. A core meaning model was constructed to identify corresponding key behaviors and correlates, ultimately yielding five major design modules that translate user requirements into crib design concepts. Design analysis and practice implemented these guidelines, with fuzzy AHP verification confirming the method’s effectiveness in guiding crib design. This approach provides an efficient user-centered model for functional modularization in baby cribs and other multi-user products, effectively resolving demand transformation and functional division challenges in multi-user product design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yanfeng Miao, Yi Zhao, Yan Zhao, Wei Xu
Soy-lignin Bonded Rhizophora spp. as a Bio-based Phantom: Impact of Adhesives on Attenuation
The feasibility of utilising soy-lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. wood was investigated as a sustainable, bio-based phantom material for radiation dosimetry applications. Various samples with differing thicknesses and adhesive compositions were prepared to evaluate the consistency and reliability of the material’s attenuation properties. The experimental assessment was conducted using two standard gamma-emitting radioisotopes, Cobalt-60 and Cesium-137, to encompass a range of photon energies relevant to medical radiation applications. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the GATE platform to compute the linear and mass attenuation coefficients. The study evaluates the impact of adhesives on attenuation behaviour. The lowest overall attenuation variation of 0.06 to 1.40% was observed in the soy–lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. at a particle size of 104 to 210 µm with the addition of 6 and 12% adhesives, suggesting that changes in adhesive content do not appreciably affect the attenuation behaviour, demonstrating its potential as a bio-based phantom material in radiation study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Usha R. Baskaran, Saadiatul Nur Aqilah Mohd Zakaria, Siti Hajar binti Zuber, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi, Nurul Ab. Aziz Hashikin, Muhammad Safwan Ahmad Fadzil
A Hybrid Evaluation Framework for Children’s Study Desks: Combining AHP–TOPSIS and Online Review Analysis
Designing study desks that align with children’s developmental characteristics and learning needs requires a comprehensive and objective evaluation framework. This study proposes a hybrid evaluation framework that integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with online review analysis, aiming to bridge expert judgment and real-world user perception. The evaluation system was constructed through literature review, user interviews, and expert consultation, covering five primary criteria—Functionality, Structure, Material, Appearance, and Personalization—and seventeen subcriteria. Using AHP, indicator weights were derived, and representative study desk products were assessed through the AHP–TOPSIS model. To validate the model, online user reviews were collected and analyzed through sentiment analysis, enabling a comparison between calculated rankings and market acceptance. Results showed that Functionality and Structure were the dominant determinants, with adjustable height, operational safety, and environmental safety as the most influential factors. Consistency between AHP–TOPSIS rankings and online sentiment confirmed the framework’s reliability. Review analysis also highlighted latent dimensions, such as ease of installation and service experience, providing insights for refining product evaluation. This study offers a scientific and market-responsive approach to children’s furniture design assessment.
User-Driven Home Office Furniture Design for Young Designers: A Kano-TRIZ Integrated Methodology
In the post-COVID-19 era, home office has become a global norm. This study investigates the functional needs, work habits, and aesthetic preferences of young designers (21 to 35 years old) concerning home office furniture, with the goal of developing user-centered solutions. The study systematically integrated data from observations and interviews with 6 designers, 142 questionnaires, and 89 KANO surveys. Building on this foundation, the KANO-TRIZ method was applied to achieve requirement prioritization and innovative design. A functional requirement card was created, containing 42 needs (e.g., desks, chairs, storage, etc.). Then, 23 key requirements were retained after filtering out low-priority items. Using TRIZ’s 40 inventive principles, design contradictions were addressed to generate solutions. Findings reveal a preference for practical, non-overly functional products. A customizable smart workspace design, integrating modular accessories and intelligent controls, was developed, achieving an average satisfaction rating of 4.3/5. After secondary optimization (storage space: 3.7/5), the solution fully met user needs, demonstrating substantial practical value.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yanfeng Miao, Xidie Zhao, Da Zhang, Wei Xu
Process Design of Bamboo Carbon Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites via Twin-Screw Extrusion
Bamboo carbon (BC) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites play a significant role in optimizing the utilization of bamboo resources and advancing green, low-carbon, and circular development. To minimize production costs, a relatively high content of bamboo carbon (40 wt.%) was incorporated into the PLA matrix. However, for the high content of BC filler, the optimal process of balancing filler amount and interfacial properties is still unknown. In this study, a three-factor, four-level orthogonal experimental design was employed to investigate the effects of various processing parameters, initiated with twin-screw extrusion, on the crystalline structure, thermal properties, and mechanical performance of the composites. The optimal processing conditions for BC/PLA composites were determined to be a processing temperature of 195 °C, a screw speed of 120 rpm, and a feed rate of 15 g/min. Under these conditions, the tensile strength of the resulting composite reached 40.9 MPa. This study provides valuable insights for enhancing the performance of BC/PLA composites while promoting their large-scale application in sustainable materials engineering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haoxiang Fang, Kangjian Zhang, Yuxuan Chen, Linpeng Yu, Ping Zhu, Bin Xu, Genlin Tian
Sustainable Wooden Toy Design for Children Based on the Kano-AHP-VIKOR Integrated Approach
With the intensification of global environmental challenges and the rising environmental awareness among parents, traditional children’s toys face growing criticisms regarding excessive resource consumption, poor recyclability, and inadequate sustainability. Wooden toys, in particular, encounter new obstacles in material innovation, structural optimization, and functional upgrading. To address the conflicting requirements of functionality, safety, and sustainability in wooden toy design, this study proposes a quantitative decision-making framework integrating the Kano model, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and VIKOR method. Unlike traditional design approaches that rely on intuition, this study first quantified user attributes through the Kano model, identifying “material traceability” as a high-priority “Attractive” attribute alongside “Must-be” safety requirements. AHP is then utilized to construct a hierarchical weighting system, revealing a “Safety-First, Ecology-Second” preference structure among stakeholders (Weights: Safety 0.482 > Ecology 0.273). Finally, the VIKOR method was used to rank five alternative schemes, identifying a modular furniture-toy combination as the compromise optimal solution due to its superior performance in high-weight indicators. This research provides a verifiable pathway for translating vague sustainable concepts into actionable design indicators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaoqin Cao, Tiantian Sun, Yuanhao Ding, Fangting Xu
Influence of Milling Parameters on Sound Pressure Level during the Milling of Wood-plastic Composites
The high-intensity noise generated during high-speed milling of wood-plastic composites, due to the material properties of anisotropy and non-uniformity, seriously affects the working environment and operator comfort. The influence of axial depth of cut, radial depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed per revolution on the sound pressure level of milling noise in wood-plastic composites was analyzed through single-factor milling experiments. Furthermore, a principal component variance analysis was conducted using multi-level factorial milling experiments to investigate the interaction effects of milling parameters on milling noise variation. The results showed that, for a fixed milling length, the significance of milling parameters on milling noise sound pressure level decreased in the order of cutting speed, axial depth of cut, radial depth of cut, and feed per revolution. A smaller axial depth of cut was suggested to control noise emission while ensuring machining efficiency. With a constant axial depth of cut, lower feed per revolution and radial depth of cut helped achieve reduced noise levels. This study provides a theoretical basis for addressing the challenge of high-intensity noise generated during high-speed milling of wood-plastic composites.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhenwen Chen, You Peng, Jiayi Gan, Fang Luo, Weihua Wei
Impact of Thinning Levels on Cone Production in Natural Stands of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) grows from sea level up to 2700 m as small groups or individually in Türkiye. Cone and seed production is the main tool in sustainability of forest tree species. However, many biotic and abiotic factors such as stand structure and forestry practices could impact production. The impact of thinning levels (unthinned or known control, moderately thinned, and heavily thinned in 2021) together with growth characteristics on mature cone production was examined based on two-year cone data (2024 and 2025) in natural stands. Stands and individuals within stands were evaluated for both cone production and growth. Heavily thinned stands had higher cone production for both years (16.8 and 96.6) than moderately thinned (9.7 and 40.7) and unthinned (9.5 and 32.6). The year 2025 produced more abundant cones (55.4) than 2024 (11.9). Significant (p < 0.05) differences were found with respect to thinning level for growth characteristics and cone productions except for tree and crown heights. Years showed significant (p < 0.05) differences among grades and within grade for cone productions. Additionally, growth characteristics had generally significant (p < 0.05) impact on cone production in both grade and years.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Phyllanthus amarus Leaf Extract for Environmental and Biological Applications
This study reports silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis through a green, facile, and eco-friendly route using aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus as both reducing and stabilizing agent. GCMS screening of the plant extract affirmed the presence of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and other biomolecules responsible for the reduction and stabilization of synthesized nanoparticles. The biosynthesis was confirmed with a visible color change from pale yellow to brown with UV–Visible spectroscopy indicated AgNPs formation within 400 to 450 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed three distinct peaks corresponding to (111), (200), and (220) crystal planes, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated circular-shaped particles with particle size in the range of 10.02 to 28.5 nm. The optical activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by its ability to sense the presence of selected metals such as manganese, iron, lead, arsenic, and cadmium ions, demonstrating potential environmental applications. In addition, the as-prepared AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The green synthesis method using P. amarus offers a low-cost and sustainable route to stable AgNPs with bi-functional properties suitable for biological and environmental applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghaferah H. Al-Hazmi, Oyebola Elizabeth Ogunbamowo, Lamia A. Albedair, Abidemi Mercy Babatimehin, Edwin Andrew Ofudje, Moamen S. Refat, Kholoud K. Alzahrani, Ali El-Rayyes
Digital Marketing Indicators of Lignocellulosic Packaging: A Google Trends–Based Analysis of Global Consumer Awareness
Drawing on Google Trends data from 2015 to 2024, this study examined patterns of digital attention toward lignocellulosic packaging materials, including paper, wood, and bamboo. Search activity was interpreted as an indicator of evolving sustainability-related public interest rather than simple query frequency. The analysis revealed sustained growth across all packaging-related terms, with “biodegradable packaging” exhibiting the highest compound annual growth rate (CAGR = 16.86%), substantially exceeding that of “paper packaging” (6.84%). This pattern suggests that public attention is expanding more rapidly toward broad sustainability concepts rather than toward individual material categories. Interpreted within the framework of Signaling Theory, rising search intensity reflects increasing cognitive engagement with environmentally responsible packaging. However, because Google Trends provides relative rather than absolute measures of search volume, the results should be understood as indicators of digital attention rather than direct evidence of purchasing behavior.
Compressive Strength and Dynamic Bending Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Timbers: Experimental Study
The compressive strength and dynamic bending resistance were tested for solid wood reinforced with glass and carbon fiber fabrics perpendicular to the fibers. The obtained data were used to predict the structural suitability of fiber-reinforced systems, especially for strengthening vertical load-bearing elements of historical buildings. Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Turkish beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), which are widely used in the construction and furniture industries in Türkiye, were coated with 200, 300, and 400 g/m² glass fiber fabric, carbon fiber fabric, and glass chip using epoxy resin. Compression tests conducted in the direction perpendicular to the fibers were applied according to the TS ISO 13061-5 (2021) standard. The highest compressive strength was obtained in the KK group (84.6 N/mm²), while the lowest value was obtained in group ÇCW1 (48.6 N/mm²). Dynamic (shock) bending strength tests were conducted in accordance with the TS ISO 13061-10 (2021) standard, and the highest dynamic bending strength was measured in the KCW2 group (70.2 kJ/mm²), while the lowest value was measured in the Scotch pine control group (35.6 kJ/mm²). Fiber-reinforced systems, with their mechanically weak properties, offer a viable solution for improving the compressive and dynamic bending strength of wood materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rabia Kocaer, Tahsin Çetin, Abdi Atilgan, Erkan Avci
Biological Evaluation of Nanoemulsion and Selenium-containing Nanoparticles Utilizing Ginger Oil as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity
A sustainable green synthesis technique was employed to synthesize selenium-based nanoparticles (SeNPs) and a nanoemulsion (NE) from ginger oil (Gr). The nanoparticles were analyzed by DLS, UV-visible, and TEM techniques. The “emulsion inversion point” (EIP) method, a cornerstone of low-energy nanoemulsion (NE) production at constant temperature, was utilized. The liquid phases and surfactant choice determined whether a different mixing sequence was preferable. Using an oil-in-water (O/W) system, ginger oil was transformed into ginger nanoemulsion (Gr-NE). Gr-NE consists of dispersed immiscible phases containing kinetically stable droplets of a liquid phase, with sizes ranging from 36.6 to 51.1 nm. This technique resulted in a high surface area, excellent optical clarity, outstanding stability, and tunable rheology. An environmentally friendly method of synthesizing selenium-based nanoparticles (SeNPs@Gr) with particle sizes ranging from 64.2 to 90.6 nm was developed by utilizing ginger oil. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of all the components, as well as SeNPs@Gr, were evaluated. By synthesizing Gr-NE and SeNPs@Gr with minimal environmental impact and using renewable resources, this work achieved alignment with principles of the circular bioeconomy. In particular, the work contributes to Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Improving People's Health) and 12 (Encouraging Responsible Production and Consumption).
Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Masoud AlAhwiti, Hanan Ali Alatawi, Jayda G. Eldiasty
Influence of Macro- and Microscopic Paper Structures on the Seam Strength in Ultrasonic Bonding of Fiber-based Materials
The joint strength that develops in ultrasonic bonding of fiber-based materials is governed by multiple macro- and microscopic structural parameters whose interactions complicate the isolation of individual effects. In this study, paper made from cellulose-containing natural fibers was examined with respect to three structural factors: fiber orientation, paper side, and refining degree (°SR). Fiber orientation proved to be the dominant parameter. Samples with fibers aligned along the vibration direction exhibited significantly higher joint strengths than those with fibers oriented perpendicularly. The effect of paper side varied depending on fiber type and basis weight, indicating additional influences from factors such as porosity, surface roughness, and fiber distribution. Consequently, no universal relationship between paper side and joint strength was established. The refining degree showed no distinct influence within the typical range (°SR 24 to 36); however, at an exceptionally high value (°SR 80), a clear effect was observed. The impact of refining degree was found to depend strongly on basis weight: at 170 g/m², increased fibrillation enhanced bonding due to larger specific surface area, while at 80 g/m², shortened fibers and fewer contact points reduced joint strength. These findings highlight the need for a differentiated evaluation of structural parameters in optimizing ultrasonic bonding of fiber-based materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nema Aldarwich, Johannes Rauschnabel, Andre Hofmann, Jens-Peter Majschak
Structural and Morphological Characteristics of Perovskite CaTiO₃ Derived from Tebalan Seashells for the Development of VOC Gas Sensing Materials
Perovskite CaTiO₃ mineral was synthesized from natural materials of Tebalan seashells and their structural and morphological characteristics were explored. The solids were calcined at temperatures of 900 °C and 1100 °C. The analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the dominant phase of CaTiO3 exhibited an orthorhombic structure, characterized by lattice parameters a = 5.388 Å, b = 5.446 Å, and c = 7.651 Å, at a temperature of 1100°C. This observation signifies an enhancement in crystallinity and an augmentation in phase purity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the morphology was homogeneous, with uniform grains and increased density at high temperatures. This morphology is indicative of the material’s potential for use in VOC gas sensor applications, based on the observed regularity and density of the surface structure. It is hypothesized that the intrinsic porosity of shell-derived CaTiO₃, when coupled with the hierarchical porous architecture of lignocellulosic biomass, can synergistically enhance VOC adsorption and mass transfer, thereby significantly improving sensor sensitivity and detection performance. This outcome validates its promise as an eco-friendly and cost-effective VOC gas sensor material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roihatur Rohmah, Midya Yulia Amreta, Nur Mahmudah, Pelangi Eka Yuwita
Carboxymethylated Cellulose Nanofibrils with Controlled Substitution: Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Biosafety Assessment
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are increasingly explored for biomedical applications; however, the relationship between surface functionalization and biological responses remains incompletely understood. In this study, CNF were carboxymethylated to controlled degrees of substitution (DS) using kraft pulp as a starting material, and their physicochemical properties and in vitro biosafety were evaluated. Increasing DS altered crystallinity and surface charge, resulting in measurable changes in zeta potential and structural characteristics. Cell viability was assessed in HepG2, HEK293, and RAW 264.7 cells across a concentration range of 100 to 1000 µg/mL using complementary assays. All tested materials exhibited concentration-dependent trends in cell viability. However, under the tested conditions, the observed effects remained within the non-cytotoxic range. Among the tested samples, CM CNF with DS 0.2 showed stable cell viability and limited apoptosis-related responses comparable to those of hyaluronic acid (HA), while samples with lower or higher substitution levels showed modest reductions in viability at higher concentrations. Apoptosis-related gene and protein expression analyses further indicated limited transcriptional and translational changes relative to the vehicle-treated control. Overall, the findings suggest that the degree of carboxymethylation influences cell–material interactions in a concentration-dependent manner, while maintaining biosafety within the tested DS range.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wanhee Im, Yoon-Hyuck Choi, Seungmin Han, Araz Rajabi-Abhari, Soo-Jeong Shin, Hyun-A. Seong
Eco-Friendly Hybrid Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Snake Grass Fiber and Dual Agro-Waste Fillers for Enhanced Mechanical and Acoustic Performance
This study examined the mechanical, acoustic, and microstructural performance of epoxy composites reinforced with Snake Grass Fiber (SGF) and hybrid agro-waste fillers—Tamarind Seed Powder (TSP) and Wood Apple Shell Powder (WASP). Composites were fabricated by compression molding with a constant SGF content of 30 wt% and varying hybrid filler contents (5 to 15 wt%). Mechanical properties including tensile, flexural, compressive, impact strength, hardness, and water absorption were evaluated alongside sound absorption behavior. The incorporation of hybrid fillers significantly improved mechanical strength, surface hardness, and dimensional stability while reducing moisture uptake compared to SGF-only composites. The optimized hybrid composition exhibited superior properties, achieving tensile, flexural, compressive, and impact strengths of 58 MPa, 87 MPa, 70 MPa, and 8.98 J, respectively, with a hardness of 84 Shore D and reduced water absorption of 23%. Acoustic analysis revealed enhanced sound absorption, with a maximum absorption coefficient of 0.24 at an optimal filler-to-fiber ratio, attributed to synergy between fibrous reinforcement and porous fillers. SEM analysis confirmed uniform filler dispersion, improved interfacial bonding, and reduced voids, supporting the observed mechanical and acoustic enhancements. SGF-based hybrid agro-waste composites offer improved structural and sound-absorbing performance, making them suitable for sustainable automotive, construction, and acoustic insulation applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lakshmi Sankar Subramanian , Sivasubramanian Palanisamy, Manickaraj Karuppusamy, Alavudeen Azeez, Syed Kashif Ali, Shaeen Kalathil, Mohamed Abbas, Saleh A. Alfarraj, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
Effects of Phosphorus Fertilization on Physico-mechanical Properties of Citron Watermelon Rind and Biochemical Properties of Fruit Pulp
The combined effects of phosphorus fertilization (applied as triple superphosphate, TSP; Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O, 43 to 44% P₂O₅) and storage duration were studied relative to the physico-mechanical and biochemical properties of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides). Five phosphorus application rates and three storage durations under ambient conditions were evaluated. Storage duration significantly impacted both quality and mechanical traits. Moisture content decreased progressively during storage, accompanied by increases in rind lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), and chroma (C*). After two months of storage, cutting force and deformation increased significantly, reflecting storage-induced modifications in tissue structure and viscoelastic behavior. Prolonged storage was also associated with a general decline in antioxidant-related biochemical parameters, suggesting degradation of bioactive compounds over time. Phosphorus fertilization did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) fruit weight, dimensional characteristics, color attributes, puncture resistance, or cutting-related mechanical parameters. In contrast, increasing phosphorus doses significantly enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll contents, indicating the effect of phosphorus on secondary metabolism and antioxidant capacity. Overall, storage duration was the dominant factor influencing the structural and mechanical behavior of citron watermelon rind, whereas phosphorus fertilization primarily governed biochemical composition and antioxidant potential.
Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide, and Iron Oxide/ Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ficus nitida Extract: Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities
To minimize environmental impact, the green synthesis strategy prioritized using non-toxic substances, energy-efficient processes, and renewable resources. Ficus nitida fruit extract was used to produce Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs) and Iron oxide/cerium oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4/CeO2 NPs) for antimicrobial, and antioxidant applications. The effective synthesis of these NPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, UV-visible, and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses. The typical crystal diameters, as estimated by the Debye–Scherrer equation, were 3.65 nm (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs) and 10.14 nm (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4/CeO₂ NPs). TEM images verified that the prepared NPs were spherical, semispherical, and irregular in shape. The FTIR spectrum's prominent peaks revealed the elements of Fe–Ce nanoparticles. Of all the materials examined, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 /CeO₂ NPs synthesized using Ficus nitida fruit extract demonstrated promising in vitro antibacterial activity against MRSA (21.0 ± 0.58 mm inhibition zone) and E. coli (22.2 ± 0.15 mm), alongside antioxidant potential (81.76% free radical scavenging at 1000 µg/mL). These preliminary findings merit further investigation to assess toxicity, biocompatibility, and in vivo efficacy as potential antibacterial and antioxidant agents in advanced applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mostafa I. Abdelglil, Naifa Alenazi, Abdullah A. Saber, Amani Alhejely, Mohamed H. El-Sayed, Salama A. Salama, Mohamed Abdel-Aal Amin, Mohamed H. Sharaf
The Effect of Gum Arabic Addition on Lignosulfonate/ Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Films
The effectiveness of Gum Arabic (GA) as a compatibilizer was evaluated in sodium lignosulfonate (LS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) composite film systems. This study aimed to improve the morphological integrity and mechanical stability of films, while achieving sustainability objectives. The goal was to obtain mechanically reinforced and morphologically homogeneous biodegradable films through GA-assisted phase stabilization. The structural, morphological, and mechanical properties, as well as the water interaction performance, of films were investigated. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the band intensity attributed to hydrogen bonding increased with the addition of GA, indicating enhanced molecular interactions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that GA increased morphological defects such as microphase separation and aggregation, especially at low concentrations. While 25% GA helped fill the pores, it did not completely eliminate structural defects. Mechanical tests showed a decrease in tensile strength of up to 63% associated with such defects. Water sorption and dissolution tests showed that mass loss in aqueous media reached 75% due to the solubility of LS and GA. However, higher GA content moderately reduced this loss by minimizing defect sites. GA failed to act as a compatibilizer under tested formulation and processing parameters but contributed to the film’s surface homogeneity as a physical filler.
Stress-Strain Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Hot-Pressed Paper Webs Revealed by X-Ray Tomography
The mechanical performance of fiber-based materials depends not only on strength but also on elongation, which is particularly critical in converting and end-use applications. Wood-fiber-based materials, such as thermomechanical pulp (TMP) paper webs, are typically brittle and exhibit low breaking strain. However, both dry and wet strengths can be significantly improved through hot-pressing, especially in the presence of lignin. This study examines the influence of hot-pressing time on the complete stress–strain behavior of calendered TMP webs. Dry samples showed only minor, systematic changes in mechanical properties with increasing pressing time at 200 °C. In contrast, wet samples exhibited a pronounced increase in breaking strain for pressing times exceeding 1 s, accompanied by increased wet specific strength and tensile energy absorption. Wet stiffness also increased beyond what could be explained by densification alone, indicating enhanced inter-fiber bonding. To elucidate these effects, X-ray microtomography combined with image analysis was used to characterize microstructural features, including porosity, pore size, surface roughness, sheet thickness, and fiber wall density as functions of pressing time. The results demonstrate that extended hot-pressing promotes microstructural consolidation and bonding mechanisms that improve mechanical performance under both dry and wet conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amanda Mattsson, Arttu Miettinen, Tove Joelsson, Gunilla Pettersson, Per Engstrand, Jukka A. Ketoja
Mixture Design for Enhancing Softness Components of Hygiene Paper
Softness of hygiene paper encompasses bulk softness and surface softness components. Bulk softness is determined by bulk flexibility, which is the inverse of tensile stiffness, while surface softness is determined by surface roughness and friction. Although refining is essential for modifying fiber properties to achieve the desired tissue web characteristics, it increases tissue web density after drying, resulting in diminished bulk softness. This study explored methods to minimize strength loss while enhancing bulk softness by using pulps refined separately. The objective was to develop optimal pulp mixtures that maintain bulk softness and high tensile strength with improved surface softness. The results highlight the potential to optimize pulp mixtures for enhanced bulk softness and tensile strength and suggest that customizing the pulp conditions can effectively manage properties such as surface roughness and friction. The heterogeneity of pulps originating from separate refining systems is crucial for achieving targeted bulk and surface softness components.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ji Eun Cha, Yong Ju Lee, Geon Woo Kim, Hyoung Jin Kim
Effect of Climatic Variations and Mechanical Stress on the Strength of Epoxy-Wood Joints
The influence of changing climatic conditions was studied relative to strength parameters—tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal cohesion—of joints between hardened epoxy casting resin and solid wood. Samples were exposed to various climatic conditions, including ageing simulation under normal conditions (25 °C, 30% humidity), and extreme conditions (50 °C, 90% humidity). The study also examined the impact of incorporating oak wood dust (0.05% by weight) as a bio-based additive into the epoxy matrix. Chemical resistance of the cured resin—with and without the additive—was evaluated using a modified Buchholz indentation test following exposure to a toluene–naphtha–ethanol solvent mixture. Moisture content was assessed. Alternating climatic conditions significantly impacted the strength parameters, with extreme temperatures and humidity levels reducing joint integrity. Mechanical stress further exacerbated this deterioration, underscoring the importance of environmental considerations in applying resin-wood composites. Furthermore, the addition of oak wood dust improved the chemical resistance of the epoxy resin, suggesting enhanced durability and interfacial bonding. Visual inspection of post-failure specimens revealed a higher prevalence of cohesive wood failures in oak, indicating superior bonding compared to meranti. These findings offer insights for appropriate use of epoxy–wood joints in furniture applications conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Pacas, Daniela Tesařová, Pawan Kumar Mishra
Damage Evaluation of Jute and Jute/Glass Epoxy Composites under Low-Velocity Impact Using Computer Tomography and Shearography
Compressed hybrid composite laminates with a thickness of 3 mm were fabricated using a skin–core configuration, employing jute and glass fabrics as reinforcements and epoxy as the matrix material. The impact performance and damage mechanisms of the jute/glass hybrid composites were compared against jute/epoxy composites with the same and variable thicknesses under varying low-velocity impact energies. The incorporation of glass fabric significantly improved the impact resistance of the thinner hybrid laminates. At a higher impact energy of 15 J, the hybrid composites exhibited a rebounding response, indicating superior energy absorption and damage tolerance. Laser shearography was utilized to examine the internal damage evolution, while computed tomography (CT) scanning was employed to quantitatively assess damage. An increase of up to 86% in the maximum impact load was observed from the hybrid composites with thickness of 3 mm when compared with the jute/epoxy laminates. CT scan analysis revealed completely perforated failure in the jute/epoxy composites with progressive crack propagation at different depths. The hybrid composites primarily exhibited localized sliding damage accompanied by surface denting, as observed through shearography. The findings confirmed that jute/glass hybrid composites offered an enhanced low-velocity impact resistance when compared with the pristine jute composites.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manoj Prabhakar Mani, Rajini Nagarajan, Mayandi Kalimuthu, Sikiru O. Ismail, Faruq Mohammad, Kumar Krishnan, Indira Devi M.P
Effect of Using Oak (Quercus pontica) Leaves on Particleboard Quality
Physical (thickness swelling) and mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond) properties of the particleboard samples produced by mixing spruce (Picea orientalis) particles and oak (Quercus pontica) leaves at various ratios were investigated. Chemical composition of oak leaves and spruce wood (holocellulose, cellulose, lignin, ash content, alcohol-benzene solubility, 1% NaOH solubility, hot and cold-water solubility) were determined. Single-layer test panels were produced using urea-formaldehyde adhesive. Increasing the oak leaf content in the furnish negatively affected the mechanical strength properties, while improving the thickness swelling resistance. However, the particleboard samples produced with 10% oak leaves addition met the minimum mechanical requirements for general uses. Overall, it was found that oak leaves could be used as an alternative supplementary raw material source in the particleboard industry when blended with wood particles.
Evaluation of Biofuel Energy Potential of Barks from Some Conifer Species in Türkiye
Fuel characteristics were evaluated for bark from four coniferous tree species native to Türkiye (Calabrian pine, Black pine, Scotch pine, and Taurus cedar). Bark samples from varying elevations and age groups were analyzed through calorific value (kcal/kg), ash content (%), volatile organic compounds (VOC, %), sulfur emissions (SO2, %), elemental ash composition, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and principal component analysis (PCA). All calorific values were determined on oven-dried samples. Calabrian pine had the highest higher heating value on a dry basis at 5044 kcal/kg, along with the lowest value for ash (1.55%), while Scotch pine exhibited the lowest energy value (4518 kcal/kg). Black pine, which had the highest ash content (3.84%), appeared less suitable as a fuel source. Sulphur emissions across all species were marginal (0.005% to 0.04%). Ash content increased with altitude in Calabrian pine, while the opposite trend was observed in larch. PCA results showed interspecific variations in mineral composition and combustion traits. In conclusion, Calabrian pine and Taurus cedar bark show strong potential as renewable and cost-effective biomass energy sources due to their favorable calorific and ash properties. However, environmental factors such as altitude remain determining factors in biomass fuel performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatma Merve Nacakcı, Uğur Özkan, Halil Turgut Sahin