Structural, Environmental, and Economic Assessment for Early Design of CLT Buildings in Seismic Zones Using a Hierarchy Process

Abstract

Significant advances have been made in understanding the structural performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) systems under seismic loading, with current design approaches largely focused on structural safety criteria. However, early-stage design decisions are inherently multi-dimensional and increasingly require the integration of structural performance, environmental impacts, and economic feasibility. This study addresses the factors required for a multi-criteria decision framework to support early-stage design of CLT buildings. A methodology was developed which combined a comprehensive literature review, semi-structured interviews with recognized key experts, and the application of the Voting Analytic Hierarchy Process. Based on these analyses, a model was developed comprising three main criteria—structural safety, environmental performance, and economic efficiency—and seven associated sub-criteria. The sub-criteria were subsequently evaluated through a survey involving 27 experts. The results indicate that structural stability and the configuration of lateral force-resisting systems are perceived as the most critical factors. Environmental aspects, particularly carbon reduction strategies, and resource efficiency, also play a significant role. Based on the research undertaken, a proposal for an expert-derived preliminary framework tailored to CLT buildings in seismic regions is developed and presented, contributing to the existing knowledge and bridging the gap between structural engineering and sustainable design.