Sustainability and Performance of Starch-based Bioplastics: A Critical Review on Toxicity, Stability, and Environmental Impact

Abstract

The utilization of starch-based bioplastics as renewable and environmentally friendly alternatives to replace traditional petroleum plastics has gained significant traction in recent years due to their biodegradability, renewability, and cost-effectiveness. However, their widespread industrial applications are hindered by shelf-life constraints, high moisture sensitivity, and poor performance when subjected to variations in microbial and temperature changes. In addition, starch-based bioplastics are formulated in complex mixtures, which may result in process-related toxicity. This review critically investigates these performance issues in depth, including toxicity potential, shelf-life, microbial resistance development, thermal stability, and physical appearance. Particular emphasis is placed on the safety of natural starch sources, the influences of environmental conditions on degradation behavior, and the incorporation of natural additives to enhance material properties. By considering these factors, this review aims to facilitate the development and selection of sustainable, safer, and environmentally friendly starch-based bioplastics for diverse future applications.