A Review of Research on the Sape: Acoustic Properties, Cultural Significance, and Modern Developments

Abstract

The sape is a traditional stringed instrument of the indigenous communities of Borneo that has evolved from its ritual origins into a symbol of cultural identity and contemporary relevance. This review examines more than 25 academic works across ethnomusicology, acoustic and engineering studies, soundboard quality and machine learning, music education, and health-related research. Existing studies address topics ranging from tonal behaviour and material assessment to cultural heritage, pedagogy, and therapeutic applications. While the literature demonstrates growing interdisciplinary interest, significant gaps remain, particularly in indigenous participation, documentation of traditional repertoires, and integration across research domains. This review highlights the need for culturally grounded and community-engaged approaches to support the continued transmission and sustainability of the sape.