Sustained-Release Tebuconazole-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles for Enhanced Rubberwood Preservation via Nanoprecipitation

Abstract

Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), a widely utilised timber in Malaysia, is susceptible to degradation from fungi and termites, requiring effective preservation strategies to extend its service life. This study explores a novel approach for improving the delivery of tebuconazole (TEB), a triazole fungicide, into rubberwood using zein nanoparticles prepared via the nanoprecipitation method. The optimised zein nanoparticles achieved a hydrodynamic size of 146.4 ± 10.66 nm with a loading efficiency of 43.0%. The treated rubberwood samples were categorised as “easily treated” and showed sustained release of TEB from leaching tests. Results showed good protection against subterranean termites (Coptotermes gestroi) with promising resistance to brown rot (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white rot (Trametes versicolor) fungi. The study highlights the potential of nanoprecipitation as a sustainable, efficient alternative to traditional wood preservation methods, offering reduced chemical usage and improved delivery efficiency.