Integrated Chemical and Biological Assessment of Lupine Seed Oil from Fatty Acid Derivatives to Potent Targeting of Helicobacter pylori and its Urease Inhibitory Activity

Abstract

The chemical composition and bioactivity of lupine seed oil were explored using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The analysis identified diverse constituents dominated by fatty acid derivatives, esters, and terpenoids. The major compounds were 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride (23.6%), E-8-methyl-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (19.1%), and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl palmitate (8.83%), with moderate levels of tert-hexadecanethiol (6.97%) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid diacetate ester (6.58%). Minor components included caryophyllene (3.71%) and unsaturated fatty acids (< 5%). Antimicrobial evaluation revealed a larger inhibition zone for lupine seed oil (29.0 ± 0.5 mm) than the standard drug (28.0 ± 1.0 mm), a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.6 µg/mL, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/MIC index of 2. Lupine seed oil exhibited potent antibiofilm activity, inhibiting 77.5%, 91.1%, and 97.1% of biofilm formation at 25%, 50%, and 75% MBC, respectively. Hemolysis inhibition ranged from 79.2 ± 2.1% to 98.1 ± 0.9% across 25 to 75% MIC. Urease inhibition reached 95.3% at 1000 µg/mL (IC₅₀ = 9.56 µg/mL), and protein denaturation was inhibited. Cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells was dose-dependent, with IC₅₀ = 148.7 ± 2.3 µg/mL. These findings highlight lupine seed oil as a rich source of bioactive compounds with strong antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities.