Static Characteristics of the Qing Dynasty ‘Five-tier Outer Eave Column-head Dougong’: A Finite Element Simulation Investigation

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the mechanical properties of the Qing Dynasty "Five-tier Outer Eave Column-head Dougong" from the Qufu Confucius Temple using finite element numerical simulation. An ANSYS finite element model was established based on orthotropic material properties representative of Pinus sylvestris timber, obtained from standardized mechanical tests, incorporating the Hill yield criterion to characterize the plastic development behavior of timber. Through application of vertical monotonic loads and horizontal low-cycle reciprocating loads, the results demonstrate: The vertical ultimate bearing capacity of the dougong reaches 350 kN with a maximum stress value of 21.5 MPa; under horizontal loading. The structure exhibits symmetric hysteretic curve characteristics, with ultimate lateral load-bearing capacities along the X- and Y-principal axes reaching 813 kN and 866 kN, respectively. Numerical analysis yields Y-direction ductility coefficients of 2.58, X-direction ductility coefficients of 3.44, and equivalent viscous damping ratios of 0.103 and 0.111, respectively. Under vertical loading, the mechanical behavior of the structure displays a trilinear stiffness degradation pattern, while under horizontal loading, its mechanical response conforms to a multilinear constitutive model. These findings validate the applicability of finite element numerical simulation in studying the mechanical properties of traditional dougong brackets, providing valuable references, and cost-effective technical means for the conservation and restoration of historical timber structures.