Graphene-Starch based Electrodes for Flexible Sensing Applications

Authors

  • Noor Fadhilah Rahmat Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Centre for Defense Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3126-9836
  • Siti Aisyah Mohd Radzuan Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Atiqah Mohd Afdzaluddin Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0583-7486
  • Gongtao Ding Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
  • Chin Hua Chia Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, PR China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5269-4070
  • Mohd Shaiful Sajab Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-8090

Keywords:

Graphene ink, Biodegradable electronic, Screen printed electrode, Thermoplastic starch film

Abstract

Flexible and sustainable electrode platforms are essential for the development of eco-friendly sensing devices. In this work, interdigitated electrodes (IDE) were fabricated via 3D-printed mold using graphene conductive ink on thermoplastic starch (TPS) films derived from sugar palm starch. The TPS films were prepared through solution casting with 30 wt% glycerol as a plasticizer, followed by the casting of graphene conductive ink onto the TPS substrate using 3D-printed molds with finger spacings of 1 to 3 mm. Morphological analysis revealed a well-distributed graphene layer with a thickness of 32.9 µm on the TPS film, which enhances mechanical stability and ensures high electrical conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) increased from 8.46 × 10⁵ Ω to 3.36 × 10⁶ Ω as electrode finger spacing increased from 1 mm to 3 mm which highlights the influence of gap on electron transfer. These findings confirm that biodegradable TPS substrates combined with graphene inks yield low-cost, flexible, and conductive electrodes with strong potential for electrochemical sensing applications. 

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Published

2026-02-05

How to Cite

Rahmat, N. F., Mohd Radzuan, S. A., Afdzaluddin, A. M., Ding, G., Chia, C. H., & Sajab, M. S. (2026). Graphene-Starch based Electrodes for Flexible Sensing Applications. BioResources, 21(2), 2892–2905. Retrieved from https://ojs.bioresources.com/index.php/BRJ/article/view/25111

Issue

Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026)

Section

Research Article or Brief Communication