Modified Wheat Straw Biochar Optimization via Response Surface Methodology for Cr(VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution

Authors

  • Hansheng Li Centre for Environmental Health and Safety Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5571-0741
  • Ahmad Razali Ishak Centre for Environmental Health and Safety Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4451-2940
  • Mohd Shukri Mohd Aris Centre for Environmental Health and Safety Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-3637
  • Siti Norashikin Mohamad Shaifuddin Centre for Environmental Health and Safety Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Kuala Selangor 42300, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6664-1204
  • Tiantian Deng School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1000-5540
  • Su Ding School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China

Keywords:

Wheat straw biochar, Optimization, RSM, Cr(VI), Adsorption, Characterization

Abstract

The preparation of wheat straw biochar (MWSB) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to maximize Cr(VI) removal. Parameters assessed were wheat straw particle size, KOH modifier concentration, and pyrolysis temperature. Optimal conditions (0.1 mm particle size, 3 mol/L KOH, 494 °C pyrolysis) yielded 86.5% Cr(VI) removal efficiency. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and isotherm data fitted the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption limited by site density. The Langmuir model gave a maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 105.28 mg/g at 25 °C. MWSB was characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. The optimized MWSB preparation significantly enhanced the efficacy and feasibility of wheat straw in environmental applications, particularly for Cr(VI) removal.

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Published

2026-03-19

How to Cite

Li, H., Ishak, A. R., Mohd Aris, M. S., Mohamad Shaifuddin, S. N., Deng, T., & Ding, S. (2026). Modified Wheat Straw Biochar Optimization via Response Surface Methodology for Cr(VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution. BioResources, 21(2), 3954–3980. Retrieved from https://ojs.bioresources.com/index.php/BRJ/article/view/25023

Issue

Vol. 21 No. 2 (2026)

Section

Research Article or Brief Communication