Nano-Biofertilizers from Zinc Sulphate and Nigella Seed Extract with Bacterial Mediation: Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract

This study aimed to synthesize nanoparticles by using zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) with seed extract and bacterial processing. The resulting nano-biofertilizers were used to treat maize crop. Zinc nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis using extract from Nigella seeds. Seed germination experiment was followed under salt stress in sand with three replications. Treatments included control (non-saline), saline, no-fertilizer, biofertilizer, Zn nanoparticles, and complete nano-biofertilizers applied at different concentrations. The rate of emergence was high in control as compared to saline conditions. Results indicated that control (non-saline) conditions were more efficient in stimulating the plant growth and the product had more potential to promote maximum yield in maize crop. Plants with the treatment of nano-biofertilizers gave higher yield as compared to the plants which were treated with nanoparticles or biofertilizers separately. Nanoparticles and biofertilizers both showed variations in plant yield. Characterization and morphological representation of plant samples (Zn-nano, biofertilizers, and nano-biofertilizers) was done by various analyses including SEM, FTIR, and XRD. It was concluded that nanoparticles and biofertilizers in combination can enhance the maize crop’s productivity and growth under certain favorable conditions and under salt stress.