Impact of Drying Temperature on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Butterfly Pea Flower Powder

Authors

  • Jagamohan Meher Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kalahandi, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
  • Gnaniar Kalusuraman Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Krishnankoil 626126, Sriviliputhur, Tamilnadu, India
  • Niraj Kumar Dewangan Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
  • Rajanandini Meher Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Sriviliputhur, Tamilnadu, India
  • Senthilkumar Krishnasamy Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore 641062, Tamilnadu, India
  • Santosh Kumar Sahu School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT-AP University, Besides A.P. Secretariat, Amaravati 522237, Andhra Pradesh, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6729-0415
  • Jayant Giri Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401, Punjab, India
  • Mohammad Kanan Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah 21448, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Zarqa University, Zarqa

Keywords:

Bioactive compound, Crystallinity, Physical properties, SEM

Abstract

Butterfly pea flower (BPF) powder, which is rich in bioactive compounds, was evaluated for the impact of various drying methods on its solubility, physical properties, and chemical composition. Four drying methods were used: thermal drying at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and natural sun drying. The powders were assessed for solubility time, hygroscopicity, density, flowability, and chemical stability using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Solubility times ranged from 148 to 162 s, with no significant differences. The 70 °C dried sample (Sample C) had the fastest dissolution rate and highest hygroscopicity. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents increased with temperature, peaking in sun-dried samples (Sample D). Density measurements showed Sample C had the highest bulk density and optimal flowability, while Sample D had superior water holding capacity. The SEM analysis revealed morphological differences, with Sample A showing a smooth surface and Sample C exhibiting significant particle disintegration. The XRD analysis showed that Sample C had the highest crystallinity. The FTIR analysis confirmed the stability of key functional groups, with sun-dried samples retaining phenolic compounds. These findings suggest drying methods can optimize BPF powder’s properties, enhancing its bioactivity for health applications.

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Published

2025-07-11

How to Cite

Meher, J., Kalusuraman, G., Dewangan, N. K., Meher, R., Krishnasamy, S., Sahu, S. K., … Kanan, M. (2025). Impact of Drying Temperature on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Butterfly Pea Flower Powder. BioResources, 20(3), 7232–7249. Retrieved from https://ojs.bioresources.com/index.php/BRJ/article/view/24592

Issue

Vol. 20 No. 3 (2025)

Section

Research Article or Brief Communication